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1900 1917 Sources Maier ch 22 Tindall and on Samuel P Hayss Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency The Progressive Conservation Movement 1890 1920 Who were the Progressives ID: 289953

election roosevelt business progressive roosevelt election progressive business act pro federal political cartoons 1906 anti labor party cartoon trust

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Slide1

Progressive Era:1900-1917

Sources:

Maier,

ch

. 22,

Tindall

, and on Samuel P. Hays’s

Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-

1920Slide2

Who were the Progressives?

Progressives were diverse in origins and agendas:

different groups sought everything from…

stricter regulation of business to prohibition of alcohol to greater social justice and more efficient government

Not

all agreed on same issues or goals…but all arose as a response to the complexities of the new urban-industrial environment that existedSlide3

Who were the Progressives?

Had roots in

Populism of the 1890s

Mugwumps

who sought civil service reform/honest government

those who wanted to fix problems unique to cities—distribution of utilities and other services, transportation, etc.

socialists’ critiques of living and working conditions (seen as left wing of progressive movement; they did not dominate the movement

)

Muckrakers

: TR named them; said they were “indispensable…but only if they know when to stop raking the muck”

Basic philosophy: expose social ills and the ills will be corrected

Important examples:

Henry Demarest Lloyd:

Wealth Against Commonwealth

(1894) –a critique of monopolies like Standard Oil Company

Jacob Riis:

How the Other Half Lives

(1890) – expose on slum/tenement life

Lincoln Steffens:

The Shame of the Cities

(1904) –on municipal corruptionSlide4

Source: Five Cents a Spot; Date: 1890

This photograph, taken by flashlight, is of a small, unauthorized, over-crowded apartment in which a person could rent a spot for five cents. The photographer, Jacob Riis, had immigrated to the U.S. in 1870 from Denmark. Although his first few years in the U.S. were marked by poverty and hardship, he was able to secure employment with the New York Tribune in 1877 as a police reporter. As noted in your text, in the 1880s Riis used his position as a reporter and photographer to illuminate the abject poverty present in New York City immigrant communities. This photograph, along with many others like it, was first published in Riis' book How the Other Half Lives, which became a critical work in establishing reforms during the Progressive Era. As you examine this image, consider the effect that such photographs had on government officials and the broader American public as they sought political solutions to the suffering caused by economic depression. Compare and contrast this photograph of men crowded in a tenement room with other photos in this collection.Slide5

Source: Tenement-house yard

Date: c. 1889

This photograph of a busy tenement-house yard depicts a dingy slum, with laundry strewn across the balconies, and a number of people -- some of whom look listlessly at the camera. The photographer, Jacob Riis, had immigrated to the U.S. in 1870 from Denmark. Although his first few years in the U.S. were marked by poverty and hardship, he was able to secure employment with the New York Tribune in 1877 as a police reporter. As noted in your text, in the 1880s Riis used his position as a reporter and photographer to illuminate the abject poverty present in New York City immigrant communities. This photograph, along with many others like it, was first published in Riis' book How the Other Half Lives, which became a critical work in establishing reforms during the Progressive Era. As you examine this image, consider the effect that such photographs had on government officials and the broader American public, as they sought political solutions to the suffering caused by economic depression. Compare and contrast this photograph of men crowded in a tenement room with other photos in this collection.Slide6

Elements of Progressivism

d

emocracy

efficiency (and its related element, conservation)

r

egulation

s

ocial justice

prohibitionSlide7

Elements of Progressivism

Democracy

Direct primary (nomination of candidates by direct votes of party members)

Initiative: voters can petition to have measures put on the ballot

Referendum: voters can vote initiatives up or down, directly enacting laws

Recall: voters can recall politicians (all of these things were recently at work in CA)

Direct election of senators (17

th

amendment) (rather than state legislators electing them)Slide8

Elements of Progressivism

Efficiency

“gospel of efficiency”

The “use of ‘foresight and restraint in the exploitation of the physical sources of wealth as necessary for the perpetuity of civilization, and the welfare of present and future generations’” (Hays 123)

applied to natural resources, but they also thought it could be applied to social, moral, government, and economic affairs

123

Business

: reduce waste through careful analysis of labor process

Gov’t

:

eliminate redundant agencies

professionalize

gov’t

:

Gov. Robert M. La

Follette

(WI) established a Legislative Reference Bureau to provide research, advice and help in the drafting of legislation—widely copiedSlide9

Elements of Progressivism

Efficiency,

con’t

TR

, 1908: “…Let us remember that the conservation of natural resources…is yet but part of another and greater problem…the problem of national efficiency, the patriotic duty of insuring the safety and continuance of the nation” (Hays 125)

civil service, competitive exams

anti trust action might impair increased production; no problem with bigness per se

“Conservationists strove to encourage the greatest possible production of material goods at the lowest cost. Just as planning must replace competition so that manufacturers could produce with less waste, so regulation must prevent financial freebooters from destroying industrial efficiency” (Hays 126)

unions interfere

w

/ max efficiency; so do lousy working conditions and low wages

ergo: decent wages and conditions for sake of efficiency 126

greatest good for greatest number, beauty of Niagara or archeological treasures be damned 127Slide10
Slide11

Elements of Progressivism

Regulation

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) more symbolic than effective

4 options:

laissez-faire: let business figure things out for themselves

allow big business for the benefits of economies of scale, but regulate to prevent abuse

trust-bust to restore more vigorous competition

public ownership –a form of socialism

mainly option 2 was used, to limited effect; industries sometimes ended up having a lot of influence over the agencies put in place to regulate themSlide12
Slide13

Source: Will She?

Date: 30 May 1906

This cartoon of Lady Liberty posed with a broom outside of Packingtown appeared on the editorial page of The World, a leading New York City newspaper, on June 7, 1906. This cartoon is important for the sheer symbolism depicted in the skulls piled up behind her and her determined pose. Historians closely examine cartoons because they both express and help create a symbolic language shared by a wide public. The simple, powerful expressions of political issues are well illustrated in the visual imagery the cartoonists use, rather than just language. People with varying levels of literacy and facility with the English language can thus understand them. This fact was not lost on the newspaper publishers in America's largest cities, whose surging immigrant populations had become a commercial and political force. This cartoon satirized the very personal and individual results of the meatpacking scandal in its final, legislative stage. As you examine this image, consider how cartoons such as this one might have shaped the meatpacking act of 1906.Slide14

Elements of Progressivism

Social Justice

General acknowledgement that gov’t involvement was needed to enact justice—not just private programs like the settlement house movement

Labor legislation

National Child Labor Committee (1904) organized to ban child labor (12-16 yrs old, depending on the state)

Regulation of the hours of women and conditions in which women and children could work (failure to enforce these new state laws meant the advances sometimes had little effect)

Mixed record at the Supreme Court:

Lochner v. New York (1905): struck down 10 hr/day law—violated workers’ “liberty of contract”

Muller v. Oregon (1908): upheld 10 hr/day for women

Bunting v. Ohio (1917): upheld 10 hr/day for men and women

Resists minimum wage laws until the late 1920s

Safety laws, particularly following Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911Slide15

Elements of Progressivism

Prohibition

Some connection in the minds of many b/t saloons (where much politicking went on) and the negative aspects of “bossism,” special interests

Movement had started in late 19

th

century; anti-drink party had even run for president

Local efforts to curb drink very successful; almost 3/4 of US pop had no access by the time the federal amendment was passed (1919)

As we’ll see, this is not, ultimately, a successful effort.Slide16

Election of 1900

Democrats

Views:

Pro-silver: inflate the currency, aid debtors in S. and West

Lower tariffs: aid consumers

Critical of big business; pro-tough anti-trust laws

Pro-inheritance tax; pro-federal income tax

Party:

Strong in S. (blacks disenfranchised); supported by some urban ethnic workers in N.

Candidate:

P: William Jennings Bryan

Republicans

Views:

Pro-gold standard: protects creditors and property owners

Pro-tariffs: protect industry and jobs

Pro-business

Party:

Dominate nationally

Much better financed

Candidate:

P: William McKinley

VP: Theodore Roosevelt (

gov

of New York)Slide17

Election of 1900Slide18

Roosevelt: characteristics

(McKinley assassinated less than 6 mo. After inaugural)

Theodore Roosevelt:

Eastern aristocrat, but also western outdoorsman (pro-masculine virtues)

Youngest to serve as president (42)

Man of action and an intellectual (well-read, author)

Sees self as steward of nation’s destiny, an activist conservative

State has role to play in protecting society

Middle of the road: skeptical about working class and social revolution, but anti-corporate greed

Presidency affords him a “bully pulpit” from which he can influence people and events

Wants US to be a great power; strengthens army and navySlide19

Roosevelt: first term

“Trust-buster”

Northern Securities Company

v

. U.S.

(1904)

:

Justice Dept. uses Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up Northern Securities Company

A “holding company”: held the stock of companies that actually operated the businesses

Controlled nearly all long-distance rail traffic

b/t

Chicago and west coast

b/c

the company was involved in interstate commerce, Sherman Anti-Trust appliedSlide20

Roosevelt: first term

“Trust-buster”

Elkins Act (1904)

Prohibited railroads from giving rebates to large shippers

(Elkins was actually supported by

RRs

, who didn’t WANT to have to give kickbacks)

Creates Department of Commerce, which includes:

Bureau of Corporations: has (limited) power to investigate companies engaged in interstate commerce

Note:

support for the above strengthened by publication of muckraker Ida Tarbell’s damning

History of the Standard Oil

CompanySlide21

Source: Joyous Trusts

Date: 1902

"An Alphabet of Joyous Trusts" was Fredrick Opper's subject in a 1902 series of cartoons. Predictably, "B" stood for the Beef Trusts. The same Trust figure is back (compare it with the one in Opper's Roosevelt Cartoon), although here Opper plays on the monopolist's traditional control over market prices rather than on the unsanitary practices of the meat packing industry. The simple, powerful expressions of political issues are often well illustrated in cartoons as the cartoonist relies on visual imagery rather than language. People with varying levels of literacy and facility with the English language can thus understand them. This fact was not lost on the newspaper publishers in America's largest cities, whose surging immigrant populations had become a commercial and political force. This cartoon satirizes the overwhelming power of the Trusts. As you examine this image, consider how cartoons such as this one might have shaped the ways in which the government dealt with the Trusts.Slide22

No lack of big game.Slide23

Roosevelt: first term

TR intervenes in anthracite coal miners strike

Miners get better wages and working conditions

Still no recognition of their union

Significance: suggests fed

gov’t

moving toward more even-handed stance on labor and business disputesSlide24

Roosevelt: first term

Conservation:

Newlands Reclamation Act

Favors agricultural development;

Provides funds from sale of public lands to promote irrigation and reclamation projects

Creates national

p

arks and monuments

E.g., Grand Canyon

Creates U.S. Forest Service

Run by Gifford Pinchot

Controls US’s forest reserves; manages and protects undeveloped forestsSlide25

Election of 1904

Democrats

For Pres: Alton B. Parker

Repudiated pro-silver stance

Cozied

up

w

/ Northeastern business wing of Democratic Party

Republicans

For Pres: Teddy Roosevelt

Able to win control of Republican party, despite Progressive insurgents (Robert La

Follette

, WI; George W. Norris, Nebraska) and

probusiness

conservatives

Calls for “Square Deal” for the American people (few details)

Landslide victory

Also running:

Socialist Party: Eugene V. Debs (3% of popular vote)

Populist

Party (>1% of popular vote)Slide26

Election of 1904Slide27

Roosevelt’s Progressivism

Roosevelt’s

“Square Deal”: enforce anti-trust laws on the books and tighten controls on big business

With help of courts, breaks up RR monopoly

Brings miners, owners to table after 1902 coal strike in PA; threatens to take over the mines using the military—forced owners hands and brought partial victory for miners

Breaks up beef trust in Swift and Company

v

. United States (1905):

SC crafts “stream-of-commerce” doctrine:

b/c

livestock and meat products move in the stream of interstate commerce, federal

gov’t

can regulate themSlide28

Roosevelt: 2nd term

Key issue: power of big businesses

Progressive reformers (e.g. La

Follette

) had strong voice in Senate

Want regulation of trusts, esp. railroads

Anti-tariff, which is protecting monopolies

TR takes a middle road (see next)Slide29

Source: Will She?

Date: 30 May 1906

This cartoon of Lady Liberty posed with a broom outside of Packingtown appeared on the editorial page of The World, a leading New York City newspaper, on June 7, 1906. This cartoon is important for the sheer symbolism depicted in the skulls piled up behind her and her determined pose. Historians closely examine cartoons because they both express and help create a symbolic language shared by a wide public. The simple, powerful expressions of political issues are well illustrated in the visual imagery the cartoonists use, rather than just language. People with varying levels of literacy and facility with the English language can thus understand them. This fact was not lost on the newspaper publishers in America's largest cities, whose surging immigrant populations had become a commercial and political force. This cartoon satirized the very personal and individual results of the meatpacking scandal in its final, legislative stage. As you examine this image, consider how cartoons such as this one might have shaped the meatpacking act of 1906.Slide30

Source: Muck-Raking!

Date: 6 May 1906

This cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt racking up scandalous affairs appeared on the editorial page of The World, a leading New York City newspaper, on May 6, 1906. Historians closely examine cartoons because they both express and help create a symbolic language shared by a wide public. American political cartooning assumed its modern form through the work of Thomas Nast during the Civil War. After the war, he turned his art to political reform, defining through his caricatures the popular perception of politicians such as Boss Tweed and his infamous political machine, Tammany Hall. By the time of the meatpacking scandal, editorial cartoons were prominent features of the periodicals of the day. Simple, powerful expressions of political issues, cartoons rely on visual imagery rather than language. People with varying levels of literacy and facility with the English language can thus understand them. This fact was not lost on the newspaper publishers in America's largest cities, whose surging immigrant populations had become a commercial and political force. This cartoon satirized the presidential aspect of the meatpacking scandal as it entered its final, legislative stage. As you examine it, consider how cartoons such as this one might have shaped the meatpacking act of 1906.Slide31

Roosevelt: 2nd term

Roosevelt as pro-big business

Saw

big

business as inevitable, desirable in that it creates efficiencies

Action: no support for new, sweeping antitrust legislation (which La

Follette

supported)

Roosevelt as “trust-buster”

Power of big business unacceptable

Action:

allow Justice Dept. to use Sherman Antitrust Act to prosecute worst abusers

Support

Hepburn Act (1906)

Railroads must adopt uniform bookkeeping practices

Interstate Commerce Commission gets to set max freight rates

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Creates FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to test and certify drugs

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Allows Dept. of Ag to inspect and label meat

Note: Upton Sinclair’s

The Jungle

(1906) helped overwhelm conservative opposition to the last two acts mentioned aboveSlide32

Roosevelt: 2nd term

Limits of Progressive reform

Conservative Republicans in Congress block additional reform on matters such as

Stronger antitrust legislation

Child labor protections

Protection for injured workers

Lowering tariffs

Taxes on the wealthy

Conservative Supreme Court continues to protect business, works to slow reformSlide33

Election of 1908

Republicans

For Pres: Wm. Howard Taft

Handpicked by TR; was

TR’s

Sec. of War

Personal views:

Antilabor

, but also “leery of big business” (Maier 650)

Platform:

Supported by progressive Republicans, but platform largely

probusiness

Democrats

For Pres: Wm. Jennings Bryan

Motto: “Shall the people rule?”

Platform: progressive, pro-labor

Lower tariffs

Strong regulations on bus.

8 hr day for

gov’t

workers

Limit injunctions against unions

Also running:

Socialist Party: Eugene V. DebsSlide34

Election of 1908Slide35

Taft: a moderate, buffeted by reform

Reform movement

gains momentum in both parties

Pushing for

Women’s suffrage

Prohibition

Immigration restriction

Labor protections

Regulation of business

Direct election of senate

Taft: strike balance

b/t

reformers and conservatives

Congress and Taft’s accomplishments:

Robust antitrust action—breaks up Standard Oil and American Tobacco Company

Strengthens ICC

Establishes Federal Children’s Bureau (to improve standard of living of children—combat infant mortality, disease, poverty, child labor, etc.)

Pres. given power to lower tariffs as part of trade agreements

16

th

amendment: fed

gov’t

gets power to levy income tax (Taft lukewarm)Slide36

Toward the Election of 1912: Republicans splinter

Taft unable to hold conservatives and progressives together

Fights over extent of regulation, tariffs

La

Follette

and other reformers form Progressive Republican League (1910)

Attacks corrupt ties

b/t

conservative wing of Republican party and business

Pro-regulation

Anti-Taft in 1912

Pro-direct election of senators

Pro-Initiative, Referendum, and Recall at national level

T. Roosevelt re-enters politics, essentially trying to take place of both Taft and La

Follette

According to

archives.gov

: “Taft proved more conservative than Roosevelt had anticipated [in 1908], and eventually he regretted his endorsement. In Roosevelt's eyes, Taft had too frequently sided with the corporate giants and political bosses he had so relentlessly battled.” (Source: http://

www.archives.gov

/education/lessons/election-cartoons/)Slide37

Election of 1912

The cartoons above “satirize Roosevelt's reversal of his anti-third term promise and his assumption of leadership of the Progressive Party. Both La

Follette

and Roosevelt lost the Republican nomination to the incumbent, Taft, who still controlled the national convention delegates. Roosevelt, however, had swept 9 of the 12 states with primaries, including Taft's home state of Ohio.”

(Source: http://

www.archives.gov

/education/lessons/election-cartoons/)Slide38

Election of 1912

The “primary battle is characterized in the…political cartoon picturing Ohio as the "Mother of Presidents." Victories in these primaries made Roosevelt and his progressives confident that they represented the will of the people. They officially announced their Progressive Party and challenged Taft and the Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson. The fourth…political cartoon, displays the three candidates shortly before election day in 1912.” (Source: http://

www.archives.gov

/education/lessons/election-cartoons/)Slide39

Election of 1912:

Democrats

For Pres: Woodrow Wilson

Gov of NJ; former president of Princeton

Anti-privilege

Pro-states rights; favored limiting federal power

Progressive: direct primary elections; min. wage; max hours; end child labor; oppose restricting immigration

“New Freedom”: preserve and restore competition—break up big businesses, prevent monopolies

Progressive Republicans/Bull Moose

For Pres: T. Roosevelt

Former President of US

Pro-federal power

Progressive: direct primary elections; min. wage; max hours; end child labor; oppose restricting immigration

“New Nationalism”: accepts value of some “good trusts” but other “bad trusts” need to be broken up by fed

gov’tSlide40

Election of 1912

Results:

Taft, Roosevelt split Republican vote

Wilson cruises to victory

Socialist: Eugene Debs gains ground—6% of popular voteSlide41

Election of 1912Slide42

Wilson: successful start

Appoints Wm. Jennings Bryan to Sec. of State

Delivers state of union address personally (1

st

time in a century!)

Weekly press conferences

Works closely

w

/ Democratic Congress

3 clusters of legislation passed: tariff revision, banking reform, antitrust legislation (see next)Slide43

Wilson: successful start

1

st

cluster of legislation: tariff reform

Tariffs:

Dem. Leaders in congress painted Republican protectionists as tools of corporate lobbyists

Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913

):

Lowered

most tariffs by ~25%

stimulated competition and moved US toward free trade

Graduated income

tax (16

th

amendment)

Shifts burden to wealthy; reduces

gov’t

reliance on tariffs to fund operationsSlide44

Wilson: successful start

2

nd

cluster: banking reform

Areas of concern:

Credit difficult to get outside financial centers in Northeast

Control of money supply (issuing credit is a way to expand the money supply)

Need for a national banking system to enhance financial stability, restrict individual banks

Solution:

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Divides US into 12 districts, each

w

/ a regional central bank (called a federal reserve bank) which serves other banks in the region

Federal reserve banks:

Issue new paper currency in emergency situations

Transfer funds to member banks in

trouble

Control

interest rates at which banks could borrow money; allowed for greater control over economy:

raise rates to fight inflation (makes it difficult to borrow);

lower rates to stimulate business (makes it easier to borrow)Slide45

Wilson: successful start

3

rd

cluster: antitrust legislation

Clayton Act (1914)

Expands Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

To prevent anticompetitive practices:

Specifies particular business activities that were illegal restraints on trade; specifies penalties for violations

Provided for break-up of monopolies

To provide legal guarantee of right to unionize:

Specifies that unions were NOT illegal combinations in restraint of trade and could not be prosecuted as such

Limits ability of courts to issue injunctions against unions

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)

Power to investigate and stop violations of antitrust laws by companies engaged in interstate commerce

TR criticized it for not really doing what it was supposed to do—regulate business (Wilson staffed it

w

/ industry insiders)Slide46
Slide47

Wilson: successful start

3

rd

cluster: antitrust legislation

Why did many businesses LIKE Clayton Act and FTC?

Legislation written

w

/ help of industry insiders

Lessened public anger at big business, since something had been done to rein them in

Made rules of competition clearer, thus making business more predictable

Federal regulations preferable to wide array of state regulations (which could be harsher)Slide48

Wilson: additional successes

Banned child labor (overturned by Supreme Court)

Created federal loan program for farmers

Freed farmers from dependence on banks; allowed them to sell crops when market was favorable

Increased income tax; created inheritance tax (1916)

Adamson Act: 8 hour day for railroads

Helped make 8 hour day the norm in industry more broadly

Appoints Louis Brandeis to SC

Pro social reform; pro-antitrust litigation = Pro- “New Freedom”

First Jew on SCSlide49

Wilson’s less progressive side: limited interest in social justice

Child labor:

No

support for child labor leg. (leave it to the states

)

Women’s rights:

No

support for federal amend for women’s suffrage (initially)

Race:

Denounced

KKK’s

“reign of terror” but sympathized with desire to restore white rule in South; blacks were “ignorant and hostile” and an “inferior race”

With Wilson’s approval, members of his cabinet segregated their departments--sep. toilets, drinking fountains, break roomsSlide50

Election of 1916

Democrats

For Pres: Wilson

Well positioned after successes of 1

st

term

Campaigns as pro-reform

“He kept us out of war.”

Adamson Act brings urban laborers into Democratic fold

Republicans

For Pres: Charles Evans Hughes

Nominated by conservative wing of Republican party

Justice on SC (resigned when nominated for pres)

Anti-Adamson Act

Anti-income tax

Note: TR abandoned the Progressive party, returned to Republicans in 1916Slide51

Election of 1916Slide52

Assessing the Progressive Era

“Wilson, the reformer, had won a second term, but the Progressive Era was over” (Maier 655).

Exception:

18

th

amendment:

prohibition (1919)

19

th

amendment: women’s suffrage (1920)

Otherwise, attention turns to the Great WarSlide53

Assessing the Progressive Era

Significant antitrust legislation passed (but large corporations still dominate economy)

Federal Reserve increases stability (but centers of finance remain in northeast)

Workers solidify new rights, but no social safety net

Shift of financial burden of running federal

gov’t

from those paying tariffs toward those with greater ability to pay

Democratic rights expand

Direct election of senators

Initiative, Referendum, Recall (in some states)

Women’s suffrage

Democratic rights limited:

African Americans in South disenfranchised

Immigrants in North face

discrimination

Government is stronger

Federal

gov’t

more activist than ever before, esp. as

regulator

Racism, xenophobia prevalent, even among progressivesSlide54

2003 AP DBQ (form B)

Evaluate the effectiveness of Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level. In your answer be sure to analyze the successes and limitations of these efforts in the period 1900-1920.