Quarter 2 ~ 8 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Quarter 2 ~ 8th Grade -How to complete Grammar Notes from home:

Write down the title for each NB entry

Set up notebook page the same way the PPT slide looks

Watch the Brain Pop video associated with notes (search on

www.brainpop.com

for video name)

LOG

IN: username =

rcspop

password =

rcspop14

Fill

in the missing information with help from Tim & Moby on each videoSlide2

8th Grade - Quarter 2 Grammar Notes

1.) Semicolons

2

.) Commas & Colons

3.) Punctuating Dialogue Rules

4.) Pronouns & Antecedent Agreement

5.) Problems with Pronouns

6.) Correct Verb Tense

7.) Infinitives

8.) Gerunds

9.) Prepositions & Particles

10.) Ellipses, Hyphens, & DashesSlide3

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

SemicolonsSlide4

Semicolons can be used to…connect independent sentences that are similar

The dog wagged its tail. He was excited to see his owner.

The dog wagged its tail

;

he was excited to see his owner.

work

with a transitional word/phrase to help link similar sentences

The cat

opened his eyes. He was not excited to see the dog.The cat opened his eyes; although, he was not excited to see the dog

Add semicolon and change the next capital letter to lowercase

Insert a semicolon at the end of the first complete sentence. Add a linking transition and follow it up with a comma.Slide5

Semicolons can also be used to…separate items in a list with internal commas or

very wordy items.

For Mrs.

Pathenos’s

class

,

we need to bring our novel

, our textbook, and our Writer’s NB every Wednesday.For Mrs. Pathenos’s

class, we need to bring an independent reading novel that we chose to read based off interest;

our heavy and burdensome Literature book; and finally,

our handy-dandy Writer’s NB every Wednesday.

Since these items are discrete, it’s acceptable to use commas.

These items are pretty wordy; it’s best to use semicolons so we can read fluently without getting confused with tons of commas!Slide6

Practice – Write down each sentence and add either a semicolon or a comma to the __ open space.

1.) On her

trip_Nan

Adams traveled to Manhattan _ New York_ Hershey _ Pennsylvania _ and Nashville_ Tennessee.

2.) I enjoy scary movies _ I also enjoy comedies.Slide7

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Commas & ColonsSlide8

Commas Pause when you see a comma

Traveling through the Reuther hallways can be fun, but getting a tardy is not so much fun.

Insert a comma where you need a pause

On her

iPad

, Mrs.

Pathenos

likes to play games, browse

Buzzfeed, and check her email.

Colons

Use colons to introduce or define something

I have dress socks in the following colors: brown, black, and ivory.Slide9

Practice – Write each sentence correctly in your NB by adding commas where a pause should be

1.) I need to get pencils paper pens and a notebook for school.

2.) My classroom chair the place where I have to sit is usually warm.

3.) “Let’s eat grandpa!” I exclaimed.Slide10

Extension: Commas in a Series a.k.a. The Oxford Comma

You may have learned about commas in a series and you may have been excused from using a comma if you insert a conjunction…

Ex: I like oranges, apples, bananas and cream.

JUST TO BE SAFE: Use the comma before the conjunction to avoid misunderstandings!

Ex: I like oranges

,

apples

,

bananas, and cream.Slide11

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Punctuating Dialogue

RULES (tape in NB)Slide12

Using quotation marks:RULE #1: A direct quotation begins with a capital letter.

Jimmy shouted

, “

S

ee you at the game

!”

“

I

s it true?" asked Cindy.Slide13

Using quotation marks:

RULE

#2: When a quotation is interrupted into two parts with words like “he asked” or “the

teacher demanded

,” the second part begins with a lower case letter

.

“

W

hat are some of the things,” Mrs. Baskin inquired, “that make school so much fun?” “One thing I like,” replied Sarah, “is recess

!”Slide14

Using quotation marks:RULE #3: When writing dialogue, all punctuation marks at the end of the quotation go inside the

quotation

marks.

“

L

et's visit the museum

,”

suggested Samantha

. Jon replied, “Didn't we go there last weekend?” “But when we did,”

Beth added, “we didn't see the Ancient Egyptian exhibit.”Slide15

Using quotation marks:

RULE

#4: Do not put a period at the end of a quotation followed by things like

she said

,

mom asked

,

he

explained, etc. Use commas, question marks, and exclamation marks but not periods. Periods end sentences.“My Algebra class is driving me crazy!” Paul yelled.

“That's my favorite class,” Becky replied

.Slide16

Formatting dialogue:

RULE

#5: Make a new paragraph (indent) when a different person begins to speak.

"

L

ast night

,

I dreamt that I ate a giant marshmallow

," Kevin said. "Was that anything like the dream you had about eating your way through a mountain of fruit cocktail?" asked Suzy."S

carier," Kevin explained. "This time I woke up and my pillow was gone

."Slide17

Other reminders:Always

make it clear who is speaking in the dialogue.

Try

to avoid using the word “said” repeatedly.

SAID

muttered, yelled, whispered, claimed, shouted, announced, declared, cried, murmured, stammered, whimpered, giggled, suggested, replied, added, etc.Slide18

Practice – Copy down all 4 sentences in your Writer’s NB with correct punctuation. Words do not need to be added or taken out.

1.)

Leona

whispered

i

have two cats do you have any

pets

(6 punctuation marks missing)

2.) i have two dogs three fish and seven snails Jesi exclaimed. (6 punctuation marks missing)3.) i

have two cats replied Melodie do you have any pets

(9 punctuation marks missing)4.) i’m not sure murmured

Anna if i know how to do this test (9 punctuation

marks missing)Slide19

Answers – Correct punctuation is in blue.

1.)

Leona

whispered

, “

I

have two

cats

. Do you have any pets?”2.) “I have two dogs

, three fish, and seven

snails!” Jesi exclaimed.

3.) “I

have two cats,” replied Melodie.

“D

o

you have any

pets

?”

4

.)

“

I

’m

not

sure

,”

murmured

Anna

,

“

if

I

know how to do this

test

.”Slide20

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Pronouns & Antecedent AgreementSlide21

Pronouns + Antecedents = Remember, a pronoun takes the place of a noun. Here are some pronouns: he, she, I, me, my, us, we, etc.

An antecedent is the word that the pronoun is linked to. Here is an example: Mrs.

Pathenos

would be an antecedent to she and her.

Mrs.

Pathenos

likes to travel, and

she

is flying to Greece this summer!

pronoun

antecedentSlide22

Pronouns + Antecedents = Pronouns should agree with their antecedents in number, gender, and person

.

If an antecedent is

singular

, use a

singular

pronoun.

Ornan

created a webpage. It was awesome!

pronoun

antecedent

Webpage is singular because it is only ONE and does not end in the plural “s”

It is a singular pronoun. It wouldn’t make sense if I used “they”Slide23

Pronouns + Antecedents = Pronouns should agree with their antecedents in number, gender, and person

.

If an antecedent is

plural

, use a

plural

pronoun.

Kethan

loves mysteries, and he reads them all the time.

pronoun

antecedent

Mysteries is plural for “mystery”

Them is a plural pronoun. It means more than one. It wouldn’t make sense if I used “it”Slide24

Pronouns + Antecedents = 

Pronouns should agree with their antecedents in number, gender, and person

.

The gender of a pronoun must be the same as the gender of its antecedent.

Mr.

Lazzo

talks in a loud voice when

he is angry.

pronoun

antecedent

Mr.

Lazzo

is a male. We know because of the “Mr.”

“he” is a pronoun with a male connection. It wouldn’t make sense if I used “she.” Using “she” would cause Mr.

Lazzo

to yell really loud!Slide25

Let’s try this together – Does the underlined pronoun agree with its antecedent?

1.) Lawrence Yep, author of “The Great Rat Race,” had asthma when

it

was young.

2.) The story’s suspense keeps readers interested in

them

.

3.) Yep and his father put out rat traps and place bait on

it.4.) When the rat shows

their teeth, Yep panics.5.) You and

her friends should read the story sometime.Slide26

Practice – Write out the following sentences and correct the pronoun antecedent error in each sentence.

1.) Ronald Adams first saw someone holding their bag on the bridge.

2.) Adams’s scary story would make anybody fear for their life.

3.) Nobody could have suspected that they got a ride from a dead man.

4.) The student needs to make sure their table of contents is numbered properly.Slide27

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Problems with PronounsSlide28

3 Pronoun Reference Problems

#1 An

indefinite reference

occurs when the pronoun

it, you

, or

they

does not clearly refer to a specific antecedent.

Unclear: Students appreciate it when they learn from an author’s experience. Clear: Students appreciate learning from an author’s experiences. Slide29

3 Pronoun Reference Problems

#2 A

general reference

occurs when the pronoun

it, this, that, which

, or

such

is used to refer to a general idea rather than a specific antecedent.

Unclear: I picture myself in the author’s situation. This helps me understand her reactions. Clear: I picture myself in the author’s situation. Putting

myself in her position helps me understand her reactions.Slide30

3 Pronoun Reference Problems

#2 An ambiguous reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to two or more antecedents.

(Ambiguous means having more than one possible meaning.)

Unclear:

Laura

urged

Molly

to edit her compare/contrast essay.

Clear: Laura urged Molly to edit Laura’s

compare/contrast essay.Slide31

Practice: Rewrite the following sentences to correct indefinite, ambiguous, and general pronoun references.

1.) Ronald Adams kept seeing the hitchhiker as he walked down the road.

2.) Adams didn’t pick the hitchhiker up, but it made him feel like a fool.

3.) The car stalled on the railroad tracks with a train coming. That almost got Adams killed.

4.) When Adams tells his story, they think he is crazy.Slide32

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Correct Verb TenseSlide33

The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or the state of being.

Past

Present

Future

The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or the state of being.

Verb TenseSlide34

Be Consistent with Tenses:

I got home late and Mom fusses at me for not calling to let her know where I will be.

I got home = past tense

Mom fusses = present tense

where I will be = future tense

I got home late and Mom fussed at me for not calling to let her know where I had been.What tense is the sentence in now?Slide35

Practice: Rewrite the following sentence so the verb tenses are consistent with each other.

1.) My puppy had been eating his food when the doorbell rings and he is rushing through the house to get to the door; on the way to the door he will bump into the table before I even stand up.Slide36

NERD ALERT

Past, Present, and Future walked into class . . .

It was TENSE!Slide37

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

InfinitivesSlide38

Split infinitivesWeak:

It is usually better

to

not

split

infinitives.

Better:

It is usually better not

to split infinities.It is okay to split an infinitive when you want to emphasize the word or words in between.Right:I want you

to study the material for the test.More Emphasis:

I want you to thoroughly study the material for the test.Slide39

Let’s Practice! Write down the sentences and label each infinitive.

1.) The baby quickly learned to stand and to walk.

2.) I want my team to win the game.Slide40

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

GerundsSlide41

GerundsIf you put –

ing

on the end of a verb, you can turn the verb into a noun – and that noun is called a gerund!

I run.

Running is fun.

I eat ice cream.

Eating ice cream is better than running.Slide42

Let’s Practice! Write down each sentence and label the gerunds.

1.) That tribe was successful at planting, hunting, and fishing.

2.) Writing is a skill that is required for most jobs.Slide43

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Prepositions &

ParticlesSlide44

Prepositions

A prepositional phrase tells you information about where, when, or how.

Prepositions

are words which begin prepositional phrases

.

A preposition is a word that connects nouns or pronouns to other words in the sentence.

A

prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition),

and any modifiers of the object.A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object.Slide45

COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS:

Remember:

A

prepositional phrase tells you information about where, when, or

how.

about

below

excepting

off

toward

above

beneath

for

on

under

across

beside(s)

from

onto

underneath

after

between

in

out

until

against

beyond

in front of

outside

up

along

but

inside

over

upon

among

by

in spite of

past

up to

around

concerning

instead of

regarding

with

at 

despite

into

since

within

because of

down

like

through

without

before

during

near

throughout

with regard to

behind

except

of

to

with respect toSlide46
Slide47
Slide48

What is the prepositional phrase?Slide49

Label prepositions carefully!

If you see one of the “commonly used prepositions“ in a sentence don’t just assume it’s a preposition!

A word

that looks like a preposition but is actually part of a verb is called a

particle

.

Held

up

is a verb meaning “to rob.”Therefore, up is not a preposition, and bank is not the object of a preposition.Instead, bank is the direct object of the verb held up.Slide50

Preposition or Particle??

give in

turn in

pull through

wore out

broke up

go in for

put in for

bring up

found out

blow up

look up

make up

look over

The following examples illustrate the difference between prepositions and particles

:

Some other examples of particles

:Slide51

Are you ready?

It’s about to get REAL…Slide52

Practice – Write each sentence down in your Writer’s NB. 1.) Label all four parts of speech *

Adj

,

Adv

, N, V

(if applicable)

2.) Draw one line under the complete subject and draw two lines under the complete predicate. Draw a circle around the simple subject and draw a rectangle around the simple predicate.

3.) Put a “P” above the preposition(s) and use a brace to identify the prepositional phrase.

1.) The young boy quickly ran across the street.2.) A frantic mother angrily scolded her child for carelessly running toward the ice-cream truck.Slide53

How’d you do?

1

.) The young

boy

quickly ran across the street

.

2.) A frantic mother angrily scolded her child for

carelessly

running toward the ice-cream truck.

Adj.

N.

AdV.

V

.

P.

N.

Adj.

N.

AdV.

V

.

N.

AdV.

V

.

Compound n.

P.

P.

Pronoun

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

ARTICLESlide54

Writer’s nb entry:

Grammar Notes:

Using

ellipses, hyphens,

and dashesSlide55

Hyphens ( - )

Used in compound words

Kind-hearted, mother-in-law, well-being, one-way street

Used with compound numbers

Forty-two,

eighty-one

Used when attaching a prefix like ex-, self-, mid-, and pre-

Ex-boyfriend, self-assured, mid-1990s, pre-Civil

WarUsed when connecting numbers with words

13-year-oldSlide56

Dash ( — )

A dash can be used to indicate a very abrupt break in thought.

Ex: “After the storm, reporters began to assess the scene—Yikes! A power line just sparked!”

A dash can also be used to add information to a statement.

Ex: Andrew

—

son of two Greek parents

—

learned to speak Greek at home.Quick Note: dashes emphasize importance and parentheses minimize importance.Slide57

Ellipsis ( . . . )An ellipsis is a set of three spaced periods (. . .) not (…) preceded and followed by a space-except when it is used at the end of the sentence

Usually used to indicate a pause:

Ex: I had no idea how to respond . . . I was so embarrassed.

Also used

to show that something has been left out of a

quotation:

Ex: “Angela learned about two cultures…”

WARNING: Do not omit important information OR information that could misconstrue the original quote.Slide58

Practice – Write the following sentences in your NB. Add the missing hyphens and dashes. (Label with “H” and “D” so you can tell the difference)

1.) The seven year old dog still plays fetch.

2.) Milkshakes are half price every Wednesday Friday from 2:00 4:00 pm.

3.) This slide is really interesting Whoa, is that Lord

Higa

?Slide59

NERD ALERT

There used to be a space between these two words, but there isn’t anymore. WHY?

Because the HYPEN ate it!