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States of Consciousness Ch. 5 States of Consciousness Ch. 5

States of Consciousness Ch. 5 - PowerPoint Presentation

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States of Consciousness Ch. 5 - PPT Presentation

AP Psychology Alice F Short Hilliard Davidson High School States of Consciousness The Nature of Consciousness Defining Consciousness Consciousness and the Brain Levels of Awareness Sleep and Dreams ID: 743415

consciousness sleep awareness brain sleep consciousness brain awareness drugs activity hypnosis psychoactive stages stage waves stimulants dreams rem increased

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Slide1

States of ConsciousnessCh. 5

AP Psychology

Alice F. Short

Hilliard Davidson High SchoolSlide2

States

of Consciousness

The Nature of Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Consciousness and the Brain

Levels of Awareness

Sleep and Dreams

Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Why Do We Need Sleep?

Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep

Sleep and Disease

Sleep Disorders

Psychoactive Drugs

Uses of Psychoactive Drugs

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Hypnosis

The Nature of Hypnosis

Explaining Hypnosis

Uses of Hypnosis

Consciousness and Health and Wellness: MeditationSlide3

The Nature of Consciousness

Defining Consciousness

Consciousness and the Brain

Levels of Awareness

stream of consciousness

– term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts and feelingsSlide4

Defining Consciousness

consciousness

– an individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of self and thoughts about one’s experiences

awareness

global brain workspace

arousal

metacognition

– thinking about thinking

EXAMPLE: Thinking about why you are nervous before an examSlide5

Consciousness and the Brain

awareness

– subjective state of knowing what’s going on, as occurring in a global brain workspace includes awareness of self and thoughts about one’s experiences

global brain workspace

– a collection of neurons from a variety of brain areas working in parallel that include

prefrontal cortex

(the front-most part of the brain) and the

anterior cingulate

arousal

– the physiological state of being engaged with the environment determined by the reticular activating system

refers to the ways that awareness is regulated

high alert

low alert

reticular activating system – a network of structures including the brain stem, medulla and thalamusSlide6

Levels of Awareness

Higher-Level Consciousness

Lower-Level Consciousness

Altered States of Consciousness

Subconscious Awareness

No AwarenessSlide7

1. Higher Level Consciousness

controlled processes

– the most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal

require selective attention

involves prefrontal cortex (usually)

Example: Focusing on learning something new.Slide8

2. Lower-Level Consciousness

automatic processes

– states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

Example: typing, texting,

driving home, etc

. after mastered

daydreaming

b/w conscious and sleep

begin spontaneously during low-focus activates

help make plans, solve problems or come up with creative idea

help us to cope, create and fantasizeSlide9

3. Altered States of Consciousness

altered states of consciousness

or

awareness

– mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness

Range

: losing sense of self-consciousness

 hallucinating

Causes

: trauma, fever, fatigue, sensory deprivation, medication, hypnosis and psychological disordersSlide10

4. Subconscious Awareness

waking subconscious awareness

incubation

– subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious though about the

problem

t

hinking about or doing something else

 solution magically appears in mind!

subconscious awareness during sleep and dreams

we retain some awareness during dreamsSlide11

5. No Awareness

unconscious

– applies to someone who has been knocked out by a blow or anesthetized

a.k.a.

nonconscious

unconscious thought

– according to Freud, a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness; Freud’s interpretation viewed the unconscious as a storehouse for vile thoughtsSlide12

A SHORT Time to Ponder

What are controlled processes and automatic processes?Slide13

Sleep and Dreams

Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Why Do We Need Sleep?

Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep

Sleep and Disease

Sleep Disorders

sleep

– a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the

rerevsible

loss of consciousnessSlide14

Biological Rhythms and Sleep

biological rhythms

circadian rhythms

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)Slide15

Biological Rhythms and Sleep

p

. 143

biological rhythms

– periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior

circadian rhythms

– daily behavioral or physiological cycles, which involve

sleep/wake cycle

body temperature

blood pressure

blood sugar level

suprachiasmatic nucleus

(SCN) – small brain structure that uses

input from the retina

to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the mechanism by which the body monitors the change from day to night (located in hypothalamus); sends information to:

hypothalamus & pineal gland (temperature, hunger, release of hormones – melatonin)

reticular formation (sleep and wakefulness)Slide16

Desynchronized and Resetting

desynchronized

biological clock –thrown off their regular schedule

jet lag – result of two or more body rhythms being out of sync

changing work shifts

increased risk of heart disease

gastrointestinal disorders

insomnia

resetting biological clock

daylight

melatonin

useful in eastward travel

not useful in westward travel Slide17

A SHORT Time to Ponder

Would a lot of these problems exist before industrialization?Slide18

Why do We Need Sleep?

avoid becoming prey

avoid injury at night

conserve energy

search for food in safer conditions (daylight)

restores, replenishing, rebuilds the brain and body

increased production of cells; reduced breakdown of proteins

enhances synaptic connections between neurons

consolidates memory for specific information, for skills and for emotional experiences

conducts activities that strengthen memory associations

 long term memory (occurs in cerebral cortex)Slide19

Effects of Chronic Sleep Deprivation

8 hours sleep/night

sleep deprivation

decreases brain activity in thalamus and prefrontal cortex

reduces complexity of brain activity

shorter pathways

reduced abilities to make moral decisions

STUDY: 53 hours of wakefulness –> agree with decisions that violated personal standardsSlide20

A SHORT Time to Ponder

Is sleep deprivation and American epidemic? If yes, what could be the long-term consequences?Slide21

Wakefulness and Sleep

Wakefulness (2 total stages)

Sleep (5 total stages)

electroencephalograph (EEG) – monitors brain’s electrical activitySlide22

Wakefulness

beta waves – concentration and alertness

highest in frequency

lowest in amplitude

desynchronous

alpha waves – relaxation and drowsiness

synchronous

slow down (lower frequency)

higher amplitudeSlide23

Sleep (5)

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5 (REM sleep)

Sleep Cycle (1-5): 90-100 minutes

Stages 1-4 sometimes referred to as

non-REM

sleep

dreams (stages 1-4): less vivid, briefer, less emotionally charged

dreams (stage 5): more vivid, longer, more emotionally chargedSlide24

Stages 1 and 2 Sleep

60% of a whole night’s sleep

light stages of sleep

“I wasn’t asleep.”

Stage 1 – drowsy sleep

myoclonic

jerks (I see you!)

feeling of falling

theta waves (slower frequency; greater amplitude than alpha waves)

gradual change from alpha waves

Stage 2 – muscle activity decreases; no longer consciously aware of the environment

theta waves interspersed with sleep spindles (sudden increase in frequency)Slide25

Stages 3 and 4 Sleep

20% of a whole night’s sleep

delta waves (slowest; highest amplitude)

a.k.a. delta sleep

difficult to wake

deepest sleep

bed wetting, sleep walking, sleep talking

wake up: confused and disoriented

difficult to distinguish b/w 3 and 4

Stage 3

delta waves less than 50% of time

Stage 4

delta waves more than 50% of timeSlide26

REM Sleep

20% of a whole night’s sleep

REM (rapid eye movement) – figure 5.5, p.147

dreaming

longer REM

 more likely to remember

waves similar to relaxed wakefulness

role in memory and creativity

progressively longer in later sleep cycles

most likely to wake just after REM sleepSlide27

Sleep Stages – EEG Patterns

p

. 147Slide28

Sleep Though the Life Span

Children:

deep sleep

 growth hormone

sleep well:

avoid caffeine

experience regular bedtime routine

have no TV in bedroom

Adolescence

cerebral cortex developing (sleep linked to brain development)

9 hrs 25 min

shortfall  attempt to “catch up” on weekends (can’t)

melatonin secreted

9:30 p.m. – early adolescents

10:30 p.m. - later adolescents

inattention in class

poor performanceSlide29

Sleep Through Life Span

adults

go to bed and wake up earlier

Middle Adult (40s-50s)

need less sleep

Late Adult (60s +)

50% report problems falling or staying asleepSlide30

Sleep and the Brain

neurotransmitter activity

initiated in

reticular formation

(core of brain stem… damage to this area can lead to coma or death)

serotonin

norepinephrine

acetylcholine

Stages 1-4

 neurotransmitters drop

REM

initiated by increase in

acetylcholine

ends with increased

serotonin

and

norepinephrine

most like to wake just after REM periodSlide31

Sleep and Disease

Increased Occurrence During Sleep

stroke

asthma attacks

Sleeplessness

obesity

heart disease

Fighting Disease

cells produce cytokines (powerfully sleep-inducing)

Mental Disorders (freq. associated with sleeplessness)

depression

Alzheimer disease

stroke

cancer Slide32

Sleep Disorders

insomnia

sleep walking and sleep talking (and eating)

nightmares and night terrors

narcolepsy

sleep apneaSlide33

Insomnia

inability to sleep

1/5 adults

more common in women and older adults

more common in people who are thin, stressed or depressed

Mild Insomnia: treat with quality sleep habits (same bedtime, sleep in dark and cool environment, avoiding caffeine and naps)Slide34

Sleepwalking and Talking

somnambulism

= sleepwalking

stages 3 & 4

linked to sleep deprivation and alcohol use

should wake individual

somniloquy

= sleep talking

not accurate

sleep eating (rare) –

Ambien

side effect

buttered cigarettes, salt sandwiches, raw baconSlide35

Nightmares and Night Terrors

nightmare

– a frightening dream that awakens the dreamer from

REM sleep

peak at ages 3-6

experienced by college students 4-8 times per year

night terror

– features sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear

rapid heart rate

rapid breathing

loud screaming

heavy perspiration

movement

peak at ages 5-7

occurs during slow-save

stage 4

(non-REM) sleepSlide36

Narcolepsy

narcolepsy

– sudden, overpowering urge to sleep

involves problems with hypothalamus and amygdala

emerges in adulthood

may occur while talking or

standing or any other daily activity

can be triggered by extreme emotional reactions, such as surprise, laughter, excitement or anger Slide37

Sleep Apnea

sleep apnea

– a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because the brain processes involved in respiration fail to work

loud snoring

silence (not breathing)

12 million Americans (2006)

more common in infants and adults 65+

more common in the obese, men, people with large necks

may factor into

sudden

infant death syndrome

(SIDS)

Slide38

Dreams

manifest content

– according to Freud (who was coo-coo-ca-

choo

), the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that

disguise

the dream’s true meaning

latent content

– according to Freud, a dream’s hidden content; its unconscious and

true meaning

2 Most Prominent Dream Theories

cognitive theory

activation-synthesis theorySlide39

Dream Theories

cognitive theory of dreaming

– theory proposing that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind

dreams = subconscious cognitive processing involving information and memory

metaphorically related to a person’s preoccupation

CRITICISMS: lack of attention to the roles of brain structures and brain activity in dreaming

Slide40

Dream Theories

activation-synthesis theory

– theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain

dreams

brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity (internally generated stimuli) that occurs during sleep

primary motor and sensory areas of forebrain stimulated (create sensation of running/feeling wind, etc.)

dreams = “cognitive trash”

CRITICISM: damage to the brain stem does not necessary reduce dreaming; life-experiences stimulate and shape dreaming

Slide41

Psychoactive Drugs

U.S. has the highest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.

Why do you think this is the case?Slide42

Psychoactive Drugs

psychoactive drugs

– drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception and change mood

Reasons / Justifications:

deal with life’s activities / escape from harsh realities of life

reduce tension

relieve boredom and/or fatigue

curious about effects

Reasons Drug Use is Stupid

losing track on one’s responsibilities

problems in workplace and in relationships

increased risk for serious (sometimes fatal) diseases

tolerance

addiction

dependence

expensive

others to be discussed on later slides… it’s a long listSlide43

Psychoactive Drugs

tolerance

(need

more)

need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to get the same effect

physical dependence – physiological need

withdrawal

psychological dependence – strong desire

feeling of well-being / reduction of stress

addiction – physical or psychological or both on a drugSlide44

How to Become an Addict… or Not (Not is Better)

psychoactive drugs

 increase

dopamine

levels in brain’s reward pathways

reward pathway (

p

. 155)

ventral tegmental area

(VTA)

limbic and prefrontal areas activated by dopamine produced here

nucleus accumbens

(NAc)Slide45

Reward Pathways for DrugsSlide46

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

depressants

alcohol

barbiturates

tranquilizers

opiates (a.k.a. narcotics)

morphine

heroin

stimulants

caffeine

nicotine

amphetamines

diet pills

crystal methamphetamine (a.k.a. crystal meth, crank, tina)

cocaine

MDMA (a.k.a. Ecstasy, X, XTC)

hallucinogens

marijuana

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)Slide47

Depressants

depressants - psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity

alcohol

barbiturates

tranquilizers

opiates (a.k.a. narcotics)

morphine

heroinSlide48

Depressants

alcohol

inhibitions decrease and judgment becomes increasingly impaired

extreme intoxication

 coma and/or death

increases concentration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

to cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens

2

nd

most widely used drug (after caffeine)

2/3 of American adults drink; 30% binge drank in past year (5+ drinks)

involved in 60% of homicides (either offender of victim)

65% aggressive sexual acts against women – offender consumed

binge drinking increases during first 2 years of college  decreases with permanent job, marriage or cohabitation, parenthood

11 times more likely to fall behind in school

10 times morel likely to drive

2 times as likely to have unprotected sex

alcoholism

– a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive and excessive use of alcoholic beverages

impairs as drinker’s health and social relationships (1/9 drinkers)

one-third rule (1. dead/terrible shape; 2. still fighting addiction; 3. sober or drinking socially)

alcoholism recovery

negative experience

w

/ alcohol

substitute dependency (meditation, exercise, overeating)

developing new positive relationships

joining a support groupSlide49

Depressants

barbiturates (examples Nembutal and

Seconal

)

decreased central nervous system activity

impaired memory and decision making

can be lethal

most often used in suicide attempts

treat insomnia

largely replaced by tranquilizers Slide50

Depressants

tranquilizers (examples: Valium and

Xanax

)

reduce anxiety

induce relaxation

feeling of calm (small doses)

drowsiness and confusion

tolerance – takes only a few weeks

addictive

withdrawal symptomsSlide51

Depressants

Opiates (a.k.a. Narcotics), examples: morphine and heroin

depresses central nervous system activity

affect synapses that use endorphins

euphoric and pain-free

increased appetite for food and sex

highly addictive

craving and painful withdrawalSlide52

DepressantsSlide53

Stimulants

stimulants

– psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity. The most widely used stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine.

caffeine

nicotine

amphetamines

diet pills

crystal methamphetamine (a.k.a. crystal meth, crank, tina)

cocaine

MDMA (a.k.a. Ecstasy, X, XTC)Slide54

Stimulants

caffeine

most widely used drug in world

boosts energy and alertness

caffeinism – an overindulgence in caffeine

mood changes, anxiety, sleep disruption

5

or more

cups of coffee per day

symptoms: insomnia, irritability, headaches, ringing ears, dry mouth, increased blood pressure, digestive problems

withdrawal last a couple daysSlide55

Stimulants

nicotine

addictive

improved attention and alertness

reduced anger and anxiety

pain relieve

withdrawal symptoms last months or longer

kills 400,000 people each year in U.S.

more than AIDS, alcohol, motor vehicles, homicide, illegal drugs, and suicide combinedSlide56

Stimulants

Amphetamine (a.k.a. uppers)

boost energy, stay awake, lose weight

diet pills (increase release of dopamine)

Ritalin (ADD medication)

crystal methamphetamine (a.k.a. crystal meth, crank, tina)

can be smoked, injected or swallowed

releases enormous amounts of dopamine (intense feeling of pleasure

damages dopamine receptors (chasing unattainable high)

“Take crystal meth, and never be

that

happy ever again…” – great sell?

household products (ingredients): battery acid, cold medicine, drain cleaner, kitty litter… great sell?

devastating to rural areasSlide57

Stimulants

cocaine

from coca plant (Bolivia, Peru)

snorted or injected (power or crystal)

flood bloodstream – euphoric for 15-30 minutes

depletes dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine

agitated and depressed coming off of high

crack – potent form of cocaine

chips of pure cocaine; usually smoked

believed one of the most addictive substances

“Once you go crack, you always go back.” Great sell?Slide58

Stimulants

MDMA (a.k.a. Ecstasy, X, XTC)

both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

“empathogen” – people “warm up” to others

releases serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine

depletes body of serotonin (listlessness continues for days)

impairs memory and cognitive processing

cognitive deficits for 2+ years after abstaining

destroys axons that release serotonin

repeated use

 depressionSlide59

StimulantsSlide60

Hallucinogens

hallucinogens (a.k.a. psychedelics) – psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real

marijuana

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)Slide61

Hallucinogens

marijuana – the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant

Cannibis

sativa

(Central Asia)

dried resin = hashish

active ingredient = THC (delta-9-terrahydrocannabinol)

does not effect specific neurotransmitter

disrupts membranes of neurons

affects functioning of neurotransmitters and hormones

increase pulse rate and blood pressure

reddening of eyes

coughing

dry mouth

smoke = more damaging than tobacco smoke

difficult to classify

tiger spontaneous unrelated ideas

distorted perceptions of time and place

increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells and colors

erratic verbal behavior

impairs attention and memory

pregnant women

 neg. attention (including lower intelligence)

“gateway drug” = largely misnomerSlide62

Hallucinogens

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

even low doses can produce striking perceptual changes

objects and shapes glow

colors become kaleidoscopic and astonishing images unfold

sense of time influenced (time can seem crazy-long)

pleasurable OR grotesque

bad trip

 extreme anxiety, paranoia, suicidal or homicidal tendencies

side effects: dizziness, nausea, tremors

emotional and cognitive effects: rapid mood swings, impaired memory

acts primarily on serotonin

can affect dopamineSlide63

HallucinogensSlide64

Critical Controversy:

Should Illicit Psychoactive Drugs Be Legalized for Medical Use?

p. 164

Read and discuss.Slide65

Hypnosis

hypnosis

– an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions

4 Steps

minimize distractions

concentrate on something specific

informs person on what to expect

suggests certain events of feelings he or she knows will occur or observes occurring “you are getting tired…”

hypnotizabilitySlide66

Explaining Hypnosis (2)

divided consciousness view of hypnosis –

Ernest

Hilgard’s

view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist’s commands and the other of which acts as a “hidden observer”

social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis –

theory that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves in the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave Slide67

Uses of Hypnosis

most effective when combine with psychotherapy

reducing pain

sensory cortex was not activated in hypnotized patients

the “ouch” signal never made it to awareness

used to treat schizophrenia Slide68

Consciousness and Health and Wellness

mindfulness meditation

– used by yoga enthusiasts and Buddhist monks

increased activation in the left hemisphere (“happy brain”)

hypnagogic reverie

– an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep – a sense that everything is going to work out well

meditation

initial increases in activation of the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

decreases in the anterior cingulate (associated with conscious awareness and acts of will)

controlling one’s thoughts in order to let go of the need to control