AP Psychology Ms Brown Myers Ch 7 His was a great sin who first invented consciousness Let us lose it for a few hours F Scott Fitzgerald Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves and our environment constantly processing information ID: 513616
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Altered States of Consciousness
AP PsychologyMs. BrownMyers – Ch. 7
“His was a great sin who first invented consciousness.
Let us lose it for a few hours.”
F. Scott FitzgeraldSlide2
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment (constantly processing information)Slide3
Altered States of Consciousness
Consciousness is a continuum ranging from alertness to unconsciousness.Slide4
Sleep
“I love sleep. My life has the tendency to fall apart when I’m awake, you know?”- Ernest HemingwaySlide5
Biological Rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuationscontrolled by your “biological clock”Circadian rhythm - regular bodily rhythms that occur in a 24-hour periodSlide6
Circadian Rhythm – Fun Facts
Light processed by retina triggers brain to increase/decrease production of melatoninCan be disrupted/reset by adjusting sleep schedule
Jetlag, sleeping in late, etc
Our bodies naturally operate on a
24 hour 11 minute rhythm HOWEVER the earth’s rotation occurs in 24 hour cycles Maybe why we always feel tired!
Artificial light delays sleep – if secluded from natural light, but still exposed to artificial light 25 hour cycleSlide7
Sleep Stages
Sleep - periodical, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
5 Stages (90 min cycles)
1
2
3
4
REM
Awake/relaxed
Just before you fall asleep
Alpha wavesSlide8
Stage 1
irregular brain waves (typical of unremembered moments)Slowed breathingSleep talking
Hallucinations
–
sensory experiences without sensory stimuli
feeling of free falling to be awoken by a jerkSlide9
Stage 2
20 minutes into sleep cyclePeriodic appearance of sleep spindles (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity)Slide10
Stage 3
Transition stage, Lasts only several minutesBegin to produce large delta waves
–
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleepSlide11
Stage 4
Combined with stage 3 to last about 30 minutesDelta waves – deep sleepHard to awaken
Sleepwalking, bedwetting, or night terrorsSlide12
REM Sleep
REM sleep – rapid eye movement sleep during which dreams commonly occur
Ascend through stages 4, 3, 2.
Paradoxical sleep - motor cortex is active, but blocks movement messages – essentially paralyzed
Sharp, short brain waves
Heart
rate and breathing rise
Eyes dart around behind the lids
Gets
longer throughout the night
Hallucinatory
dreams – vivid, story-likeSlide13Slide14
Why do we sleep?
Evolutionary - protectionRecuperation - body and brainMemory - Shed unimportant info, strengthen important info
Growth - Growth hormone – babies sleep moreSlide15
Why Sleep?
Not everyone needs “8 hrs” (newborns vs teens vs adults)Slide16
Am I Sleep Deprived? – True or False
I need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time.
It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.
Weekdays mornings I hit the snooze button several times to get more sleep.
I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week.
I have trouble concentrating and remembering.
I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative.
I often fall asleep watching TV.
I often fall asleep after heavy meals.
I often fall asleep within 5 minutes of getting in bed.
I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.
I often fall asleep in lectures or warm rooms.
I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.
I often need a nap to get through my day.
I have dark circles around my eyes.
I often feel drowsy while driving.
3+ T’s = YOU NEED MORE SLEEP!Slide17
Sleep Deprivation
DepressionIrritabilityDecreased alertness and concentration
Increase likelihood of accidentsSlide18
Sleep Disorders - Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling/staying asleepNatural and drug treatmentsSlide19
Sleep Disorders - Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable sleep attacks by falling into REM sleep at inappropriate times~5 min1 in 2,000
Brain malfunctions
Underproduction of orexin – brain chemical that signals alertness
Reticular formation
Medication can helpSlide20
Sleep Disorders – Sleep Apnea
Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings1 in 20
Typically overweight men
Irritability due to awakenings
Treatment - weight loss or mask that pumps air to keep airway openSlide21
Sleep Disorders – Night Terrors
High arousal and an appearance of being terrifiedStage 4, not REM (like nightmares)Intense fear, panic, and movement
Mostly in children
Sleep InfographicSlide22
Dreams
“Dreaming is a phenomenon of purely individual consciousness, and consequently impossible to thoroughly deconstruct by a community of researchers. BUT dreaming matters.”
-Andrew WeilSlide23
Dreams
Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts during REM sleepLucid dreaming – awareness of dreaming while dreaming
Modern theories:
Information processing - to file away or shed memories
To develop or strengthen neural pathways
Activation synthesis theory – no meaning to dreams, just making sense of random neural staticSlide24
Freud’s Levels of Consciousness
Conscious
Perception, thoughts
Preconscious
Memories, stored knowledge
Unconscious
Unavailable/hidden
Repressed memories, dangerous/sexual desires
Protection from anger, guilt, shameSlide25
Freud’s Dream theory
We dream to satisfy or wrestle with unconscious wishes and desires
Manifest content
– the remembered storyline of a dream
Latent content
– the underlying meaning of a dream
Unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly
Freud – dreams are the key to understanding the unconscious
Modern scientists – Unscientific, everyone can interpret dreams differently
Crash Course – Sleeping and DreamingSlide26
Hypnosis
Complete the Attitudes on Hypnosis Questionnaire.
Wait for instructions on how to calculate your score.
Reverse the value given to statements 6,7,9,10,11,13, and 14.
Then add all values for the 14 questions.
Scores can range from 14 to 98.
Higher scores reflect more positive attitudes toward hypnosis.
Do you have past knowledge or a personal experience that influenced your answers in the questionnaire?Slide27
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
SNL Hypnotist
Post-hypnotic suggestion
– suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
Power of hypnosis lies in the subject’s openness to suggestionSlide28
FAQ - Hypnosis
Can anyone experience hypnosis?Kind of – depends on suggestibility and beliefHighly suggestible people usually have rich imaginations/fantasies, often become engrossed in novels, movies, storylinesSlide29
FAQ - Hypnosis
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events/memories?No – highly suggestible people can fall victim to leading questions from hypnotistHypnotic evidence is not credible in a court of lawSlide30
FAQ - Hypnosis
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?Sort of – depends on the suggestibility of the subject and/or the desire to conform to the “orders” of an authoritative figureSlide31
FAQ - Hypnosis
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?Yes – has alleviated headaches, skin disorders, asthma (possibly a placebo effect)No – does not help addictions to alcohol, drugs, or tobacco (more biologically rooted)Slide32
FAQ - Hypnosis
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?Yes – hypnotized patients in surgical experiments were found to require less medication, recover sooner, and leave the hospital earlier than nonhypnotized patients
Possibly diverting attention away from pain rather then being in a hypnotic stateSlide33
FAQ - Hypnosis
Is Hypnosis an altered state of consciousness?
Maybe…. 2 theories
YES
NO
SYSK - Hypnosis