After Rome split the Eastern Empire known as Byzantium flourishes for a thousand years 330 AD Constantine moves capital to Byzantium change name to Constantinople AD 395 Roman Empire divided into East and West ID: 544648
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Slide1
11.1 The Byzantine Empire
After Rome split, the Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, flourishes for a thousand years.Slide2
330 A.D.
Constantine moves capital to Byzantium– change name to
ConstantinopleSlide3
A.D. 395: Roman Empire divided into East and WestSlide4
A.D. 476: Western Roman Empire “falls”Slide5
A.D. 1054: Christian Church splits
Roman Catholicism (West)Eastern Orthodox (East)
Page 306Slide6Slide7Slide8
Eastern Orthodox View of the Equality of Patriarchs [Bishops]
Patriarch of Rome
“primacy”
First Among Equals
Patriarch
of
Constantinople
Patriarch of Alexandria
Patriarch of Antioch
Patriarch of Jerusalem
“First among equals” merely meant that the Pope’s opinion was the one that was asked first. As noted above, the distance of Rome from the east could imply impartiality. But the Eastern Orthodox did not hold that the Pope’s opinion was law for the entire Church. In the ancient “pentarchy” (the five “sees” listed below) he would preside as the “chair” in an ecumenical council. This did not give him any authority over other jurisdictions however.Slide9
Roman Catholic View
of “Papal Supremacy”
Pope of Rome
Supreme above other provinces
Patriarch of
Constant-
inople
Patriarch of Alexandria
Patriarch of Antioch
Patriarch of JerusalemSlide10Slide11
A New Rome in a New Setting
The Eastern Roman Empire
Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395.
Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium
Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527.
His armies reconquer much of the former Roman territory.
Byzantine emperors head state and church, use brutal politicsSlide12
Life in the New Rome
New Laws for the EmpireJustinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire
Justinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main parts
Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years.Slide13
Creating the Imperial Capital
Justinian launches a program to beautify the capital, Constantinople.
Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia.
Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning.Slide14Slide15Slide16
Constantine’s Hectic Pace
City becomes trading hub with major marketplace.
Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment.
Racing fans start riots in 532; the government restores order violently.
Empress Theodora is the powerful wife and adviser to Justinian.Slide17
The Empire Falls
Years of TurmoilJustinian dies in 565; the empire faces many crises after his death.
Attacks from East and West
Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups.
Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power.
Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire.Slide18
The Church Divides
A Religious Split
Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires.
Two churches disagree over many issues, including the use of icons.
Icons
are two-dimensional religious images used to aid in prayer.
Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity is known as a Patriarch.
In the West, the pope excommunicates the emperor, banishing him from the church over the iconoclast controversy.Slide19
The Primary Causes of the East-West Schism of 1054*
Cause
Eastern Church
Western
Church
POLITICAL RIVALRY
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire
CLAIMS OF PAPACY
Patriarch of Constantinople was considered second in
primacy
to the bishop
of Rome.
Bishop of Rome claimed
supremacy
over entire
church.
THEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Stagnated after Council of Chalcedon.
Continued to change and grow through controversies and expansion.
FILIOQUE
CONTROVERSEY
Declared that the
Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father.Declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY
Engaged in 120-year dispute over the use of icons in worship; finally concluded they could be used (statues prohibited).Made constant attempts to interfere in what was purely an Eastern dispute (statues permitted).
*from Robert C. Walton. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.Slide20
The Primary Causes of the East-West Schism of 1054*
Cause
Eastern Church
Western
Church
DIFFERENCES
IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Greek/Oriental
Latin/Occidental
CLERICAL CELIBACY
Lower clergy were permitted
to marry.
All clergy were required to be celibate.
OUTSIDE PRESSURES
Muslims constricted and put continual pressure on Eastern Church.
Western Barbarians were Christianized and assimilated
by Western church.
MUTUAL EXCOMMUNICATION OF 1054
Michael Cerularius anathematized Pope
Leo IX after having been excommunicated by him.
Leo
IX excommunicated Patriarch
Michael Cerularius of Constantinople.
*from Robert C. Walton.
Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.Slide21
Four Original Provinces within Christianity Recognized by the Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.)
Antioch
Alexandria
Jerusalem
Rome
In 325, the Council of Nicaea recognized only four major jurisdictions within the church. Due to the Jewish revolts of the 1
st
and 2
nd
Centuries, a shift in the influence of Christianity had taken place away from Jerusalem. Antioch and Alexandria became major jurisdictions, but because of conflicting schools of interpretation and theology often disputed with one another. After its founding by Constantine, Constantinople was rising in importance and later its Patriarch also disputed with Alexandria over theology (e.g. Nestorius who held to the Nestorian heresy of a two-person Christology). Rome, being the original seat of the Roman Empire was given Primacy as “first among equals.” This meant that the opinion of the pope of Rome was canvassed in theological disputes. He was given some jurisdiction outside of Rome, but it did not mean he had jurisdiction over the other three provinces. It was implied that the distance of Rome from the other provinces gave the Pope some level of impartiality as to theological opinion, but not a definitive say in settling disputes.Slide22
“Pentarchy”: Five Provinces Recognized
by the Council of Chalcedon (451
C.E.)
Antioch
Alexandria
Jerusalem
Rome
Constantinople
In 381 the Council of Constantinople elevated Constantinople to a Patriarchate (major province) because the seat of the Roman government was moved there. Constantine had called Constantinople “Nova Roma” (New Rome). Theodosius the Great, who died in 395, was the last emperor to rule a
unified
Roman Empire. In 410 Germanic tribes (
Visogoths
) had sacked Rome, and by the middle of the 5
th
century the western Roman Empire had fallen. In 451 the Council of Chalcedon—which settled the Christological controversies of the time—affirmed a fifth province in Constantinople. Slide23
Effect of Islamic Conquests
Antioch
Alexandria
Jerusalem
Rome
Constantinople
The Islamic conquests of the 7
th
and 8
th
Centuries effectively eliminate any influence of the patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria in the Christian world. Constantinople had already been given second place in “primacy” to Rome, therefore the two main “rival” patriarchates are Rome and Constantinople. This sets up the political conflict that was to come and be exacerbated by the linguistic, liturgical, and theological differences between Rome and Constantinople.Slide24
Linguistic Disunity
West—dominant language LatinEast—dominant language
Greek
Decline in bilingualism after the fall of the western empire
Linguistic disunity develops into cultural disunity
Different religious rites and liturgy develop
Different approaches to Christian doctrine emergeSlide25
Papal Supremacy and theNicene Creed
Pope
Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four eastern patriarchs.
The Pope in 1014 inserted the “
Filioque
clause” (the words “and the son” in regards to the procession of the Holy Spirit) into the
Latin version
of the Nicene Creed. (This was not allowed by the Roman church in the Greek version). Leo IX asserted the papacy’s right to do so. The Eastern Orthodox believed this to be a violation of the 7
th
canon of the Council of Ephesus, and viewed this clause as a western innovation and heresy.
The Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28
th
Canon of the Council of Chalcedon established the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, therefore, the Roman pontiff could not claim authority over Constantinople.Slide26
Iconoclast Controversy
The Byzantine Emperor Leo III
outlawed the veneration of icons in the 8
th century.
Some believe this to be a result of the pressures of Islam
. Those
who were against the use of icons in the church were called “
iconoclasts
.” The first period of iconoclasm occurred from 730-787 C.E. A second period of iconoclasm occurred from 814-842 C.E.
Arguments usually surrounded the understanding of how to depict the two natures of Jesus Christ in Christian theological teaching. “
Iconodules
”
(supporters of the use of icons) believed that to disallow depicting Jesus artistically denied the incarnation.
The western church rejected iconoclasm. However, icons, which are generally two dimensional works of art were generally not used. Instead, statues were allowed in the western church .Slide27
Different Church/State Relations
Caesaropapism
in the east
subordinated the church to the religious claims of the dominant political state.
In the Byzantine Empire, the emperor had supreme authority over the
church
.
In
the west the
church was relatively independent of the state
due to the fall of the western empire and a lack of imperial authority. Later, when strong kingdoms emerge in Western Europe, the
investiture controversy
surfaces creating church/state
conflicts.Slide28
Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines and disputes over jurisdiction.
Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054.
West—Roman Catholic Church
East—Orthodox ChurchSlide29
Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs
Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert the northern peoples known as the Slavs.
Missionaries create the Cyrillic alphabet—the basis for many Slavic languages.
Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible.