Agenda Introduction to ATC Purpose Basic Services Generic Elements Airspace ATC Structure ATC Operations Future of ATC Air Traffic Control ATC Also known as air traffic management ATM The purpose of ATC is to ensure the safe and efficient flow of air traffic ID: 733734
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Slide1
Air Traffic Management
Calie GiangiSlide2
Agenda
Introduction to ATCPurpose
Basic Services
Generic Elements
AirspaceATC StructureATC OperationsFuture of ATCSlide3
Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Also known as air traffic management (ATM)
The purpose of ATC is to ensure the safe and efficient flow of air trafficSlide4
Four Basic Services
Separation assurance – ATC controllers are responsible for keeping aircrafts separated from each other, as well as from other hazards such as terrain or wake vortices
Flight information – provide weather and airport condition updates
Search and rescue – notifying and alerting proper agencies about an aircraft in need
Congestion management – organizing traffic flows into congested airports and airspaceSlide5
Generic Elements of ATC System Slide6
Generic Elements of ATC System
Communications System
Commands/clearances are issued to aircrafts
Voice radio channels
Network of ground stationsRange is limited to 100 nautical milesXM/Sirius are used to send non-aircraft-specific dataSlide7
Generic Elements of ATC System
Navigation Systems
ATC controllers ensure aircrafts fly
a
cleared routeEn routeLong-range coverageVHF omnidirectional range system (VOR system)Limited to line of sight communication
Stations located at/near
airports
or on high
ground
Approach
Higher precision required
Runway classification: non-instrument (visual) vs. instrumentSlide8
Generic Elements of ATC System
Surveillance Systems
ATC controller observes and monitors traffic situations
Position reporting – crew communicates its position
Radar – currently used for most domestic systemsPrimary Radars – measure range by the round-trip time of an interrogation pulse reflected off of the aircraft
Secondary Radars – aircraft is equipped with a transponder which receives and transmits an interrogation pulse along with an ID code for the responding aircraft (ATC Radar Beacon System)
Direction (antenna) and altitude (ATCRBS) are also measuredSlide9
Generic Elements of ATC System
Flight and Weather Information Systems
Flight plans are managed in a central flight data processing system, distributed to various ATC facilities
Increasing number of computer-based decision support tools are being developed to help controllers optimize the flow of traffic
Current conditions provided to pilots and ATC controllers
Extensive weather information systems generate and distribute
general and airport-specific forecasts and observations
winds aloft forecasts
hazardous weather alerts
p
ilot reports (PIREPS)Slide10
Airspace
ControlledTraffic is supervised and managed by ATC
Uncontrolled
Aircrafts not directly managed by ATC
Military operationsAirspace is reserved for militaryCivilian aircrafts are prohibited from entering or require permission from military authorities before using itSlide11
ATC Structure
Ground ControlManages aircraft and other vehicles on airport surface as they taxi to/from the runway
Tower Control
Manages take off and landing
Radius of about 5 miles from the airport and 2500-3000 ft highTerminal Airspace Control
Manages descent, initial approach, and departure phases
En route/Center Control
Manages traffic above and between terminal airspace
Oceanic/International Airspace
Managed by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)Slide12
ATC Operations
Human-centered contract process
Controllers and flight crews negotiate for access to airport or airspace resources
ATC controller observes traffic situation through surveillance system
Controller issues commands to aircraftStandard Operating ProceduresAltitude (east vs. west)Holding patterns to delay aircraft in air when high traffic makes it difficult to move to the next sector
Priority for and equity of service (usually FCFS)
Emergencies/Equipment failuresSlide13
Future of ATC Systems
Not much room for growth in USEarly plans include
Increased use of satellite navigation systems
Surveillance systems based on ADS-B
Use of time as a control parameter in trajectory-based clearancesBroad information sharing through system-wide information managementMoving controllers to a more supervisory role and shifting some ATC functions to the cockpit