Chapter 15 Voices of Protest - PowerPoint Presentation

Chapter 15Voices of Protest From Slavery to Freedom 9 th ed.

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 A Man Was Lynched Yesterday

Progressive VoicesThe Work of the NAACPNAACP membership as well as circulation of its magazine The Crisis grew in early 1900s Legal victories Guinn v. United States (1915)Buchanan v. Warley (1917)Despite successes of NAACP, blacks generally not beneficiaries of other Progressive-era reforms © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Progressive VoicesThe 1912 ElectionCivil rights leaders had great hope for Woodrow Wilson’s presidencyWilson DisappointsUpon election Wilson acted same as other Southern Progressives Refused request to form a “national commission on the Negro problem” Focused on economic issues such as tariff and banking reforms that were of less interest to blacks © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Progressive VoicesAt the same time, Congress flooded with bills proposing discriminatory legislationBy executive order Wilson segregated eating and restroom facilities of black federal employees and phased out most blacks in civil service jobsAfrican Americans Protest Racial Policies Wilson no friend to African American causes Blacks protested his segregation of federal employees; occupation of Haiti; and his praise of film Birth of a Nation © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Progressive VoicesThe Amenia ConferenceBrought together most distinguished African Americans of the day to consolidate and achieve a unity of thoughtAgreed to work together for:Enfranchisement Abolition of lynching Enforcement of laws protecting civil rights © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Men and women at the Amenia Conference

Violent TimesThe Resurgent Ku Klux KlanPostwar “super-patriotism” contributed to rise of racist and xenophobic groupsKu Klux Klan reemerged in South in 1915 By 1920s became national organization Terrorized African Americans and other ethnic communities; especially targeted black soldiers Race Riots “Red Summer”Twenty-six urban race riots in summer of 1919 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

Violent TimesRace relations tense due to continued African American migration and resulting competition for jobsThe Chicago Riot of 1919Most serious racial riot; started with drowning of black man on a Lake Michigan beach Chicago without law and order for thirteen days More Riots Race riots continued in places such as Knoxville, TN; Omaha, NE; and Elaine, AR © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Violent TimesRiots continued after 1919Tulsa, OK; Rosewood, FL; Detroit, MI“Outside Agitation”Whites blamed foreign influences for black protest Blacks refuted that claim © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Civil Rights VanguardThe Persistence of LynchingNAACP persistently fought lynching Banner; silent paradeLynchings continuedRope and Faggot, A Biography of Judge Lynch (1929) NAACP continued crusade against lynching; held a national conference; sponsored antilynching rallies Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

Civil Rights VanguardNAACP Legal EffortsTook first step toward securing passage of federal antilynching law in 1919Southern representatives organized to defeat proposed bill; spoke in favor of mob ruleBill eventually filibustered in Senate Nixon v. Herndon (1927) © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Protesting with Their FeetThe Leaderless MigrationBlacks flooded out of South to North and WestFear among many that exodus would endanger the institutional and financial life of the SouthIt was a leaderless movement; blacks moved with sense of collective destiny Migration from the Caribbean Between 1899 and 1937 more than 140,000 migrants came to U.S. from Caribbean © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Protesting with Their FeetAfro-Caribbeans in New YorkMost came from English-speaking islandsArthur Alfonso Schomburg came from Puerto RicoEstablished Negro Society for Historical Research Caribbean migrants disproportionately educated and skilled Overrepresented in population of successful New Yorkers More visible in radical movements © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

New NegroesRace and Class Politics: Civil Rights, Black NationalismAfrican Americans and Afro-Caribbeans disagreed over primacy of race vs. class protestHubert Harrison Frustrated by failure of white Left to address racism within ranks of white working class; founded Liberty League in 1917 Du Bois and “Close Ranks” Editors Du Bois and Randolph parted ways over race-class divide © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

New NegroesDu Bois’s “Close Ranks” article that advocated for blacks to put race struggle on backseat during wartime angered black leftists and nationalistsRandolph and Owen defended the Left and criticized NAACP in The Messenger Emphasized class struggle Caricatured Du Bois as an “Old-Style Negro”;“New Style Negro” portrayed as one who defends himself by shooting his attackers Shied away from socialism during the Red Scare © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

New NegroesMarcus GarveyNAACP failed to secure following of lower class and poor African Americans; working-class blacks skeptical of class-based interracial coalition to fight racismGarvey filled the void; founded Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA); drew a mass following Popularity based on appeal to race pride Believed hope lied in redeeming Africa from colonialism; started back-to-Africa movement © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

New NegroesGarvey had mass appeal; created huge black movementThe Negro WorldDenounced by most African American leadersGarvey’s Decline Garvey’s “pact” with a representative of the Ku Klux Klan drew much criticism Convicted for using the mails to defraud in raising money for his steamship line; incarcerated and eventually deported © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

New NegroesFather DivineGeorge Baker Interracial religious movement that looked to religion to foster racial harmonyMore than religious cult; addressed followers’ social and economic needs © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

New WomenBlack FeminismInterracial feminism impacted by racismBlack women aware that demand for women’s rights linked to black disfranchisement and segregationTo ensure southern congressional endorsement of suffrage amendment, national suffrage organizations capitulated to southern racism © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21 Black suffragist Mary Church Terrell

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22 Black suffragist Nannie Burroughs

New WomenBlack Women VotersIda B. Wells’s Alpha Suffrage Club instrumental in black voter turnout in Chicago in 1915With ratification of Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, black women faced same difficulties at southern voting booths as black men Black women leaders sought to garner women’s vote during the great migration Women’s clubs mobilized black voters © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

New WomenGrowing Political InvolvementBlack people’s political involvement growing despite fact they were often insulted by those for whom they had cast their ballots Black women sought to make their voices heard within the electoral system New Negro’s protest overshadowed genteel feminism advocated by NACW New Woman exalted as man’s helpmate Neither New Negro nor New Woman movements gave due credence to the New Negro Woman © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24