CYTOPLASM - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

CYTOPLASM

What is Cytoplasm and

How Does it WorkSlide2

What is Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is defined as the material that lies within the

cytoplasmic

membrane, or the membrane that surrounds a cell. It contains none of a cell's genetic material, because this is contained in the nucleus. It does, however, contain a lot of water, and the other organelles of the cells. It provides a platform upon which they can operate within the cell. It is made up of

proteins

, vitamins, ions, nucleic acids,

amino acids

, sugars, carbohydrates and fatty acids. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.Slide3

Functions of Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

has three basic functions within the cells of living organisms. Made of three basic components, cytoplasm is a medium of suspension for the

organelles

in the cell. The function of cytoplasm is also a means of transport for genetic material and the products of cellular respiration. As cytoplasm is a fluid, it acts as a buffer, protecting the cell's genetic material and organelles from damage due to movement or collision with other cells.

The three main parts of cytoplasm are

cytosol

, the organelles and

cytoplasmic

inclusions

.

Cytosol

is the liquid that suspends the organelles; it is mainly water with some protein strands that help support the organelles. Organelles are specialized parts of the cell, each having its own function; major functions of the organelles include cellular respiration, creation of new proteins and destruction of waste material. Finally,

cytoplasmic

inclusions are non-soluble molecules floating within the cytoplasm; in many cells, these inclusions are stored fats and sugars ready for cellular respiration.

Cytoplasm's primary function is to act as a medium of suspension for a cell's organelles, keeping a cell's inner structure intact. As organelles are not neutrally buoyant in cytoplasm due to the changing concentrations of solutes, the protein strands described in the previous paragraph are necessary to keep organelles in place. The cytoplasm and proteins prevent gravity from grouping the organelles near the bottom of the cell, an event that would greatly impede their function. Slide4

Image of Cytoplasm Slide5

Cytoplasm

is the fluid that fills a cell. Scientists used to call the fluid

protoplasm

. Early on, they didn't know about the many different types of fluids in the cell. There is special fluid in the

mitochondria

,

endoplasmic reticulum

,

Golgi apparatus

, and

nucleus

. The only two '

plasms

' left are

cytoplasm

(the fluid in the cell also called

cytosol

) and

nucleoplasm

(the fluid in the nucleus). Each of those fluids has a very different composition.

The cell organelles are suspended in the

cytosol

. You will learn that the

microfilaments

and

microtubules

set up a "skeleton" of the cell and the

cytosol

fills the spaces. The cytoplasm has many different molecules

dissolved in solution

. You'll find enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell working. Waste products are also dissolved before they are taken in by vacuoles or sent out of the cell.

Special Fluids in the Nucleus

Nucleoplasm

has a little different composition.

Nucleoplasm

can only be found inside of the

nucleus

. It doesn't have big organelles in suspension. The

nucleoplasm

is the

suspension fluid

that holds the cell's

chromatin

and

nucleolus

. It is not always present in the nucleus. When the cell divides, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the

nucleoplasm

is released. After the cell nucleus has reformed, the

nucleoplasm

fills the space again.

More than Filling

The

cytosol

in a cell does more than just suspend the organelles. It uses its dissolved

enzymes

to break down all of those larger molecules. The products can then be used by the organelles of the cell.

Glucose

may exist in the

cytosol

but the mitochondria can't use it for fuel. The

cytosol

has enzymes that break glucose down into

pyruvate

molecules that are then sent to the mitochondria. Slide6

Composition of Cytoplasm

About 80% of the cytoplasm is

H2O

. During

interphase

the extra base pairs needed for DNA replication are found here. Sugar and phosphate are dissolved in the cytoplasm. Other substances include amino acids, nucleic acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, non-organic ions, and very light molecular compounds. The liquid of the cytoplasm is called the

cytosol

.Slide7

Have you ever wondered what fills up your cells? Look no further... it's cytoplasm, a gooey, liquid substance that holds everything in a cell outside of the nucleus.

Every cell has three parts, whether it be a blood cell, brain cell, or reproductive cell. It contains a membrane with channels to let materials into and out of a cell. It contains cytoplasm, which can be basically defined as anything in between the membrane and the nucleus of a cell. And it contains the nucleus, which is the home of a cell's chromosomes, or genetic material.

Cytoplasm is defined as the material that lies within the

cytoplasmic

membrane, or the membrane that surrounds a cell. It contains none of a cell's genetic material, because this is contained in the nucleus. It does, however, contain a lot of water, and the other organelles of the cells. It provides a platform upon which they can operate within the cell. It is made up of

proteins

, vitamins, ions, nucleic acids,

amino acids

, sugars, carbohydrates and fatty acids. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.Slide8

The organelles inside cytoplasm are very important for the maintenance of the cell. Some of the most important organelles that cytoplasm contains are the mitochondria, proteins,

ribosomes

, the endoplasmic reticulum, the

Golgi apparatus

,

lysosomes

and the

cytoskeleton

. Mitochondria are sites of energy-making, because they contain the materials necessary for ATP synthesis, or the fueling of the cell. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein

fibers

that give support to the cell, and help it maintain shape. The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid (fat) and protein synthesis, and the Golgi apparatus is the packaging plant of a cell.

Lysosomes

are small sacs of

digestive enzymes

in the cell for eating. They are like little stomachs traveling around the cell! Proteins and

ribosomes

move through the cell acting as catalysts for various chemical processes.

In a roundabout way, some genetic material does reach the cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum is an RNA-coding area, before this information is sent to the nucleus.

If a person is born with irregular cytoplasm, in most cases they do not live. Cytoplasm is so essential to the cell, it requires working order to operate and maintain life. However, some unusual cases of

cytoplasmic

irregularity do exist, and scientists are learning how to

transplant

cytoplasm into cells to help them function normally. Also, cytoplasm in animals is being examined for ways to enter the cell and penetrate

nucleii

with cures for certain diseases.

Other uses for cytoplasm are being developed. Recently, it allowed scientists a close view of the

HIV

virus as it entered a cell. Cytoplasm also is used extensively in cloning, when information is transferred from the mother to the cloning host. If the cytoplasm of a reproductive egg is faulty, now new cytoplasm can be transferred into the egg to maintain reproductive power. Plant cytoplasm is used for new biotechnology experiments every day.Slide9

Cytoplasm

is the jelly-like substance that fills cells. It contains all the

internal

components of a cell, called organelles, except for the nucleus.

Clear

and composed of 80% water, the

cytoplasm

is the location for

most

of a cell's internal functions. Cytoplasm is responsible for

moving

materials throughout the cell and aids in cell replication. It

holds

of the chemicals and other materials that are necessary for

the

life and growth of the cell. It serves to maintain the shape

and

structure of the cell, and also allows the cell to move. Cytoplasm is

composed

of three major

elements:

cytosol

,

cytoplasmic

inclusions

and organelles.

Cytosol

is the component

that

is most responsible for the structure of the cell. Composed of

water,

salt and

organic

molecules,

cytosol

is everything not contained

within

organelles.

The

cytosol

makes up most of the cytoplasm and

contains

the filaments that form the cytoskeleton, which is what

forms

the shape of

the

cell and allows it to move. Another major

function

of the

cytosol

is to facilitate the movement of materials

throughout

the cell and

between

organelles.

Cytoplasmic

inclusions are

contained

in the

cytosol

,

but

are considered separate entities. They

are

not present in all cells and vary in their content. Inclusions in the

cytosol

include stored nutrients, cell waste and

secretory

materials

and pigment granules. The cytoplasm is responsible

for

moving nutrients to

the

organelles where they are used for

energy.

It also

facilitates

the removal of waste from the cell.

Organelles are structures within

the

cell

that

perform a specific function. The cytoplasm serves to hold the organelles in place. Literally meaning "little organ",

organelles

are

usually

enclosed

in their own lipid

bilayer

. There are

many

cell

components

that qualify as organelles. The two major

organelles

found in

most

eukaryotic

cells are mitochondria and

chloroplasts.

Mitochondria

supply energy to the cell and direct its growth.

Chloroplasts

are found in plant cells and extract energy from light

sources.

They also

remove

oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Slide10