Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow

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Section 1: Life in the Colonies

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Colonial Immigration

Population, 1700: 250,000

Population, 1770s: 2.5 million

Slave population, 1700: 28,000

Slave population, 1770s: > 500,000

The population was well over 9,000

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High Birth Rates

Colonial women married early & had large families, e.g. 7-8 children

Healthy place to live (especially NE) = low infant mortality

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New England Towns

Most New Englanders lived in well-organized towns

Meetinghouse in center of town – used as church and town meeting place

Green/common –

cows grazed, army trainedFarmers lived in town but worked on fields at outskirts of town

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Subsistence Farming

Smaller farms in NE due to:

Long winters

Thin, rocky soil

Subsistence farming –

producing just enough to meet family needs with a little bit left over to sell or tradeChild labor = necessary, everyone worked

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New England Commerce

Many small businesses

Waterpower used for grain mills and sawmills

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New England Commerce

Women made extra cloth, garments, candles, soap

Larger towns had

blacksmiths, shoemakers, furniture makers, gunsmiths, metalsmiths, printers

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Shipbuilding

Important industry

Lumber for ships came from NE forests, transported down rivers

NE ships then used for trading various goods

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Fishing

Coastal areas relied heavily on fishing

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Triangular Trade

1) American Colonies, West Indies

2) Europe

3) Africa

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The Middle Passage

Middle Passage

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=REXNr-PUlnk

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Why did New England’s economy flourish?

Trade

Shipbuilding

Fishing

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Middle Colony Economies

Fertile soil

Milder climate than New England’s

Bigger harvests, not subsistence farming

Produced cash crops –

Cash crops – crops sold for $

Sold easily in markets in colonies and overseas – Philly and NYC became im

port

ant ports

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Middle Colony Industry

Some “wood” work in carpentry

Flour-making

also bloomed

Lumbering, mining

Small-scale manufacturing

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German Immigrants

Nearly 100,000 Germans immigrated during colonial period –

most to PA, known as “Pennsylvania Dutch”

Different types of Protestant

With Dutch, Swedish, non-English, added to cultural and religious diversity

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Southern Colony Economies

Rich soil & warm climate

Huge harvests of cash crops

Less development of commerce and industry

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King Tobacco

Tobacco = main cash crop of MD and VA

Labor-intensive

Indentured servants used, # of them decreased so slaves began to be used

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King Rice

Rice = main cash crop in SC and GA

Rice fields (paddies) along coast created by building dams

Labor-intensive

Slave labor used, rice more profitable than tobacco

Rice became popular in S. Europe, price rose

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King Cotton

Cotton = slowly became the main cash crop of the South

Labor-intensive

Production would soar later on with invention of cotton gin

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Tidewater

Flat, low-lying plains along seacoast

Location of most Southern plantations –

large farms

Located on rivers – crops shipped by boatIncreasingly dependent upon slave labor

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Backcountry

Region west of Tidewater –

hills and forests heading towards Appalachian Mountains

Grew corn & tobacco on small farms

# small farmers > # large plantation owners

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Slavery

Most African slaves were on plantations

Overseers –

bosses hired by plantation owners to keep the slaves working hard

Slave codes – strict rules governing the behavior and punishment of enslaved AfricansWritten permission needed to leave plantationIllegal to teach slaves to read and writeWhipping for minor offensesHanging/burning for major offenses

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Criticisms

Many colonists opposed it on moral grounds, e.g. Puritans, Quakers, Mennonites

Many colonists opposed it on economic grounds – it “took away” jobs from free whites

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Brief Summary

http://slideplayer.com/slide/10941477

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Section 1 Assessment

1) Use each of these terms in a sentence that will help explain its meaning: subsistence farming, triangular trade, cash crop

- Student work should reflect correct use of terms.

2) Identify the various economic activities carried on in the Middle Colonies.

- Farms, cash crops, small-scale manufacturing, lumbering, mining, trade

3) How did New England’s natural resources help its commerce? - Streams and rivers powered mills and transported materials; forests provided lumber for shipbuilding; access to the ocean encouraged trading

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Section 1 Assessment

4) How did farming in New England compare with farming in the Southern Colonies? Use a chart like the one below to answer the question.

5) How do you think plantation owners in the Southern Colonies justified their use of enslaved Africans?

- Answers will vary but should indicate that owners felt it was necessary to keep the economy strong

6) Study the map on page 103. What goods were traded from the British Colonies to Great Britain?

- Rice, tobacco, indigo, furs

From the West Indies to the British Colonies?

- Goods and molasses

Similarities

Differences

New England

Main economic activity

Small subsistence

farms worked by family members, long winters

Southern Colonies

Main economic activity

Large scale plantations, cash crops, slave labor

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Section 2: Government, Religion, and Culture

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King James II

Brother of Charles II

Reigned 1685-1688

Last Catholic monarch of England (he had secretly converted to Catholicism)

Tried to take back power Parliament had taken from monarchy during English Civil War (1642-1651)

Parliament removed and replaced him

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The Glorious Revolution

Removing King James II, Parliament replaced him with his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange

Called the Glorious Revolution since it solidified the power of Parliament over the English monarchy

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King William III

Reigned 1689-1702

William and his wife Mary signed the 1689 English Bill of Rights

Like 1215 Magna Carta, it guaranteed rights to English citizens and limited power of the monarchy

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1689 English Bill of Rights

Limits power of monarchs

Lists rights of Parliament

Regular meetings

Free elections

Freedom of speechLists rights of individualsNo cruel and unusual punishmentListed crimes of King James II Bans Catholics from throne

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Political Philosophy Background

John Locke

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=kItXvJLnTtk

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Mercantilism

Economic theory –

a state or nation’s power depends on its wealth

Increase in trade = increase of gold reserve = more power

Mother country establishes colonies

Colonies send raw materials to mother country

Mother country uses raw materials to make manufactured goods (e.g. wood becomes a table)

Mother country sells manufactured goods to colonies

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Exports > Imports

Parent countries desire to export (sell abroad) more than they import (buy abroad)

What if a colony tried to trade with foreign markets?

It would mess up the math (less manufactured goods bought from mother country by colonies)

It would drive prices down (due to competition)

England didn’t want France, Spain, etc. to benefit from THEIR colonies!

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Navigation Acts

Laws of Parliament, 1651-1673

Colonial merchants banned from using foreign ships

Certain products could only be sold to England

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Smuggling

Trading illegally with other nations

Many colonists smuggled to get around Navigation Acts

Why?

Lower prices

More markets

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Charter Colonies

Charter Colony – established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle

Upper house (governor + council)

Lower house (

assembly)

All elected by colonists, GB had to approve governorGovernor had no veto authorityConnecticut, Rhode Island

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Proprietary Colonies

Proprietary Colony –

run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

Upper house (governor + council)

Lower house (assembly elected by colonists)Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania

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Royal Colonies

Royal Colony –

run by a governor and a council appointed by the king or queen

Upper house (governor + council)

Lower house (assembly elected by colonists)(By the 1760s) Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia

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Voting Rights

White, property-owning men voted

Most women, indentured servants, landless poor, African Americans –

couldn’t

Still more democratic than anywhere in Europe

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The First Great Awakening

1720s-1740s

Religious revival movement in colonies

Popular, public preachers

E.g. Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield

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Colonial Households

Home & workplace

Women cooked, made butter and cheese, preserved food, made clothes, tended chickens and cows

Men worked in fields, built barns, houses, and fences

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUsEKW_T8s0

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Apprentices

Apprentice –

learning assistant

Young sons became indentured servants and learned from

craft workers

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Education

Most children homeschooled

In NE colonies and PA, school systems set up

1647 –

MA Puritans passed public education law: every community of 50 or more households had to have a tax-supported (public) school

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Education

NE – very high literacy: 85% of men, 50% of women

Used

New England Primer

– combined lessons in good conduct with reading and writing

Schools run by widows & unmarriedSome run by QuakersCraft schools at night for apprentices

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The Enlightenment

17

th

-18

th

centuryBegan in EuropeSprang in part from Scientific Revolution; also reaction to Reformation and religious wars in Europe (e.g. Thirty Years’ War)Spread idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve societyDeemphasized faith, prioritized reason

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Enlightenment

Intellectual and philosophical movement

Emphasized individual liberty, rights, religious tolerance, separation of church and state

Key thinkers:

Francis Bacon

John LockeThomas HobbesRene DescartesJean-Jacques RousseauMontesquieuVoltaire

David Hume

Adam Smith

Immanuel Kant

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-a4ueSsa3Y

Best known American scientist – Benjamin Franklin

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Freedom of the Press

1735 –

John Peter Zenger faced libel charges for publishing critique of NY’s royal governor

Alexander Hamilton defended him –

free speech basic right of English peopleVerdict = not guilty

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Section 2 Assessment

1) Use each of these terms in a complete sentence that will help explain its meaning: export, charter colony, proprietary colony, apprentice, literacy

- Student work should reflect correct use of terms

2) Identify some contributions of women inside and outside the home.

Inside the home: cooking, making clothes, tending livestock, working in the fields

Outside the home: working as maids, cooks, nurses, teachers, seamstresses, or shopkeepers3) Why did the Navigation Acts anger the colonists?

- The acts restricted trade with all nations except England and limited the ships they could use.

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Section 2 Assessment

4) Why did Andrew Hamilton defend John Peter Zenger and free speech?

- Hamilton believed that free speech was a basic right of English people

5) Re-create the diagram below and describe the effects of the Great Awakening.

6) Examine the printing press on page 112. Who established the first printing press in the colonies?

- Stephen Daye

How do you think the colonists communicated their ideas before printed material was widely used?

- Answers may include: writing by hand, posting notices, lectures, and talking in public places.

Great Awakening

Revival of strong

religious belief

Religion becoming

more important in people’s lives

Formation of many new churches

Growing sense of American nationality in colonies