Sucking type mouth parts Suck plant juices sole mode of feeding Host plants for lac cultivation are important Hosts A large variety of plants can function as lac hosts Number of host species in use are relatively small ID: 997965
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1. Lac hosts
2. Mouth parts of insectSucking type mouth partsSuck plant juices (sole mode of feeding)Host plants for lac cultivation are important
3. Hosts A large variety of plants can function as lac hosts;Number of host species in use are relatively smallKerr (1782) gave the first zoological description of lac insect in modern times and mentioned only four host plants in IndiaFicus religiosa – “Pipul”Ficus indica (Ficus benghalensis)- “Bhur”Plaso hortus malabarici- “Praso” (Butea monosperma- Palas)Rhamnus jujuba (Zizyphus mauritiana)- “Beyr”
4. In 1958, Roonwal listed 113 hosts in India14 common85 occasional and rare hostsAround 110 lac hosts have been recorded from Southern China, viz., Yunnan and Tibet
5. State Hosts BiharBer (Zizyphus mauritiana), kusum (Schleichera oleosa) and Palas (Butea monosperma)Madhya PradeshGhont (Zizyphus xylopyra), kusum and palasWest BengalBer, palas, kusum and species of genus FicusAssam Arhar (Cajanus cajan) and species of Leea and GrewiaJammu & KashmirKhair (Acacia katechu)Punjab (Hoshiarpur) Ber, babul (Acacia arabica), khair and some species of the genus FicusRajasthan Ber and species of FicusUttar Pradesh(Mirzapur)Ber, babul, ghont, palas, and species of FicusGujarat and MaharashtraBer, babul, khair, palasOrissa (Sambalpur district)KusumAndhra Pradesh(Vishakapatnam)Palas Mysore Jalari Madras Ber, babul, palas, jalari (Shorea talura)
6. Categories of lac hostsOn the basis of preference in use for lac cultivation, hosts are classified into three categories:Common (major hosts)-7 genera and 14 speciesOccasional hostsRare hosts
7. Common hostsExcellent hosts: throughout the year and all over in India (very popular) e.g., Butea monosperma, Schleichera oleosa, Zizyphus mauritianaGood hosts: certain restricted areas of India e.g., Acacia arabica, Cajanus cajan, Leea crispa, L. robusta, Zizyphus xylopyraMajor hosts only for certain specific purposes & in certain specified seasons e.g., Acacia catechu (for winter brood), Ficus spp. (summer brood)
8. Common hostsAcacia arabica: babulAcacia catechu: khairButea monosperma: PalasCajanus cajan: arharFicus benghalensis: banyan treeFicus cunia: jharphaliFicus lacor: pilkhanFicus racemosa: gularFicus religiosa: pipalLeea crispa: ban-chaltaLeea robusta: galeniSchleichra oleosa: kusumZizyphus mauritiana: berZizyphus xylopyra: ghont
9. Acacia arabica(babul)
10. Acacia catechu(Khair)
11. Butea monosperma(palas)
12. Schleichra oleosakusum
13. Cajanus cajan(Arhar)
14. Ficus bengelansis
15. Ficus racemosa (gular)
16. Ficus religiosapipal
17. Zizyphus mauritiana
18. Ecological conditionslac does best in open areas with plenty of circulating air around the host plants. When trying out new hosts, care should be taken to confine the trials to only those plants that are found occurring in the open or in situations where free circulation of air is assuredCultivation should not be tried in deep forests Lac cultivation should not be tried in areas liable to forest fires e.g., scattered trees in grasslandSpecies which remain deciduous for long periods during the hot months not suitable for summer crop season. They can be taken up for the cultivation only for crops which mature in cold seasons provided alternative host plants are available in the vicinity to take on the summer crop
19. Direct Sowing and Nursery PlantingLac hosts propagated- either by direct sowing at the site required or by first raising seedlings in nurseries and later on transplanting them to the site required.Glower (1937) recommends: Direct sowing for khair and kusumNursery sowing and transplanting for: Palas, ber and ghont
20. Manuring To ensure the healthy establishment of trees, suitable manuring is highly advisable. Once the trees have become well established, manuring need not be continued. Glover (1937) recommended the use of the manure which should be dug to an area of about 1 metre radius and a depth of about 15-20 cm around each plantIf artificial manure is not available, natural manure (well rotted cowdung) may be used insteadComposition of manureQuantity required per plantPotassium sulphate28.4 gmsAmmonium sulphate (or chloride)28.4 gmsConcentrated superphosphate0.45 kg
21. Soil and waterIf deficient in calcium: lime may be addedAvoid water logging of young seedlings as that causes mortalityWater should be conserved for the dry months by such devices as contour ridging, terracing, etc.
22. Age of hostAge at which host plant is mature enough to take on its first lac infection varies from species to speciesAlso depends on the climatic conditions of the area as well as the methods employed for the management of the plant which determine its vigour and vitality to withstand the drain imposed on it by the lac infectionSpecies Age when first matureKhair (Acacia catechu)About 8 yrsBer (Zizyphus mauritiana)8 yrsGhont (Zizyphus xylopyra)8 yrsPalas (Butea monosperma)8-10 yrsKusum (Schleichera oleosa)About 15 yrs
23. Systematic cultivation of lac
24.
25. Standard SystemsThree coupe standard system for rangini crop: (for palas and ber)COUPE: field is divided into various region which are called as coupe.The area is enumerated and divided into three coupes (A, B, C) in ratio 3:1:3 on basis of yielding capacity of the trees. The time of pruning have to be adjusted according to host plant species and local climate.A and C coupes are cultivated and rested in alternate years and coupe B is cultivated every year for one crop.
26. Normal four coupe system for Kusmi crop (applies to kusum)Area to be work enumeratedDivided into four equiproductive coupes (A,B,C,D) worked in rotationFirst harvesting in each coupe serve as the pruning for the next cropEach coupe is cultivated for lac once in 2 yrs, the trees in it bearing lac crop for about 6 months and resting for remaining 18 months
27. Modified SystemsTwo-coupe modified system for Rangini crop eg: (Palas and ber)Two-coupe modified system for Kusmi crop ( eg: kusum)Three-coupe modified system for Kusmi crop
28. Mixed cultivationWhen a cross strain method of lac production is followed, i.e., when alternation of hosts is practised, a mixed type of cultivation is desirable.Some examples of this method are:Alternation of palas with ber or khairKusum khair alternation
29. Alternation of palas with ber or khairCan be practiced for rangini crops where ber or khair also occurs in an area with palasBest plan is to utilize palas for growing the baisakhi crop and ber or khair for the katki crop
30. Kusum khair alternationKusum cultivated for jethawi crops alternated with khair which will be cultivated for the Aghani cropFour coupe system with equiproductive coupes recommended
31. What determines a good lac host?
32. Phylogenetic positionPosition of the host in the botanical hierarchy is certainly a useful guide but sometimes the criterion failsOne or two species in a genus may be good hosts and other non hostsE.g., Zizyphus mauritiana and Z. xylopyra are good hosts while other species of the genus are either non hosts or only indifferent hosts
33. Sap reactions and sap densitypH of the sap of good lac hosts generally range from 5.8-6.2pH of non hosts or poor hosts may lie in the range 5.0-5.4 as in Cassia florida, Shorea robusta or in the range 6.2-6.8 as in Dalbergia sisso, Aleurites fordii and Zizyphus rugosa Sap density of good hosts: 0.1400-0.1728Sap density of non hosts: 0.1955-0.2312High sap density may be a factor responsible for the failure to maintain lac growth as the more viscous liquid may not be so readily absorbed through the proboscis of the lac insect
34. Ecological factorsResponse of host to climate: Time of leaf-fall determines the success of a species to serve as good lac-host. Later leaf-fall in the dry winter season and a shorter interval before the appearance of a new crop of foliage, the lower mortality of the over-wintering individuals among the “lac colony” is observed. Physical situation of hosts in a plant community: lac is absent from thick jungles and occurs only on the outskirts. Lac hosts are successful where free circulation of air is ensured