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Human Evolution, Human Populations, Human Evolution, Human Populations,

Human Evolution, Human Populations, - PowerPoint Presentation

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Human Evolution, Human Populations, - PPT Presentation

And Race Problem A proverbial Martian anthropologist is given the task of classifying the great apes For simplicity these are the human chimpanzee orangutan and gorilla Which is the odd species out ID: 918111

years human homo race human years race homo 000 subspecies genetic http groups million sapiens lived meat nominated habitat

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Slide1

Human Evolution,

Human Populations,

And Race

Slide2

Problem:

A proverbial Martian anthropologist is given the task of

classifying the great apes. For simplicity these are the human,

chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla.

Which is the “odd species out?”

Orang

Gorilla

Human

Chimp

Bonobo

Figure from: http://

boscoh.com

/

longform

/

humanevolution

/

Slide3

Genetically, it is the orang!

Slide4

Great Ape Evolutionary Timeline

15

12

9

6

3

0

Million Years Ago

Borneo

Sumatra

Chimp

Homo

Sapiens

Eastern

Western

Gorilla

Common

Bonobo

Orangutan

Slide5

Genetically, orangs are the “odd ape out,” then gorillas

Hence, humans are genetically more similar to a

chimpanzee than a chimpanzee is to a gorilla and a chimp is to an orang!

Do not judge genetic distance using external morphology!

Lesson:

Slide6

Adaptation to savannah ecology

http://www.stratics.com/content/portals/de/content/media/gallery/de-90103pr_roughsav.jpg

Slide7

Human Ancestors

From: https://

forums.oneplus.net

/threads/evolution-of-human-face-in-past-6-million-years.401866/

Slide8

Fossil hominid skulls: (A) Pan troglodytes chimpanzee, modern (B) Australopithecus

africanus

, STS 5, 2.6 Million years (C) Australopithecus

africanus

,

STS 71, 2.5 Million years (D) Homo

habilis

, KNM -ER 1813, 1.9 million years (E) Homo

habilis

, OH24, 1.8

Mi

A (F) Homo

rudolfensis

, KNM-ER 1470,

1.8

Mi

A (G) Homo erectus,

Dmanisi

cranium D2700, 1.75 Mil Year (H) Homo

ergaster

(early H. erectus), KNM-ER 3733,

1.75

Mi

A (I) Homo

heidelbergensis

, "Rhodesia man," 300.000 to 125.000 years * (J) Homo sapiens

neanderthalensis

, La Ferrassie 1, 70,000 years (K) Homo sapiens

neanderthalensis, La Chappelle-aux-Saints, 60,000 years (L) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, Le Moustier

, 45,000 years (M) Homo sapiens sapiens, Cro-Magnon I, 30,000 years (N) Homo sapiens sapiens, modern

http://

darwiniana.org

/

hominid.htm

Slide9

http://www.theage.com.au/news/Science/Skeletons-in-the-cupboard/2005/03/18/1111086008084.html

1 HOMO HABILIS ~ NICKNAME:

Handyman

LIVED:

2.4 to 1.6 million years ago

HABITAT:

Tropical Africa

DIET:

Omnivorous – nuts, seeds, tubers, fruits, some meat

2 HOMO SAPIEN ~ NICKNAME:

Human

LIVED:

200,000 years ago to present

HABITAT:

All

DIET:

Omnivorous - meat, vegetables, tubers, nuts, pizza, sushi

3 HOMO FLORESIENSIS ~ NICKNAME:

Hobbit

LIVED:

95,000 to 13,000 years ago

HABITAT:

Flores, Indonesia (tropical)

DIET:

Omnivorous - meat included pygmy

stegodon

, giant rat

4 HOMO ERECTUS ~ NICKNAME:

Erectus

LIVED:

1.8 million years to 100,000 years ago HABITAT:

Tropical to temperate - Africa, Asia, Europe DIET: Omnivorous - meat, tubers, fruits, nuts

5 PARANTHROPUS BOISEI ~ NICKNAME: Nutcracker man LIVED: 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago

HABITAT: Tropical Africa DIET: Omnivorous - nuts, seeds, leaves, tubers, fruits, maybe some meat

6 HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS ~ NICKNAME: Goliath

LIVED: 700,000 to 300,000 years ago HABITAT: Temperate and tropical, Africa and Europe

DIET: Omnivorous - meat, vegetables, tubers, nuts

7 HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS ~ NICKNAME: Neanderthal LIVED: 250,000 to 30,000 years ago

HABITAT: Europe and Western Asia DIET:

Relied heavily on meat, such as bison, deer and musk ox

Slide10

From Henn et al. (2012) PNAS

Slide11

Human Migrations (Old World)

From: http://

www.handprint.com

/LS/ANC/disp.html

Slide12

Some migration routes remain under debate. For example, there is still some uncertainty regarding the migration routes used to populate the Americas. Genomic data are limited in their resolution to determine paths of migration because further population movements, subsequent to the initial migrations, may obscure the geographic patterns that can be discerned from the genomic data. Proposed routes of migration that remain controversial are indicated by dashed lines. CA, Central Anatolia; FC, Fertile Crescent; IP, Iberian Peninsula; PCS, Pontic–Caspian steppe.

From Nielsen et al., (2017) Nature, 541, p. 306

Note the recent dates of some migrations, particularly in Europe

Slide13

Hominid Evolutionary Timeline:

Key Points

African origin

Adaptation to the savannahMany tries to get hominid species “right”

We are the only hominid species leftWe are a very new species (only c.150,000 – 200,000 years old)Migrated and established cultures in every

continent except Antarctica

Slide14

Race: Definitions

Strict Categories

Morphological Features

Traditional Biological Classification (subspecies,

populations)Self-nominated CategoriesSocial Construct

Slide15

Subspecies

Population

Morphological

Self-Nomination

Social Construct

RACE: Definitions

Social

Biological

Slide16

Race: Strict Categories

Sharp boundaries between groups

Akin to separating a collection of tools into hammers, saws, etc.

No one from Blumenbach (1779) onwards

believes this“ … if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races” Theodosius Dobzhansky

Slide17

Race

: External Morphology

External physical appearance defines race

Skin color, hair color/texture, facialappearance

Slide18

Slide19

Slide20

"Malaya 1905" by Michaela

Macan

- Unknown. Licensed under Public Domain via

Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malaya_1905.jpg#/media/File:Malaya_1905.jpg

http://www.wired.com/2009/10/why-pygmies-

are-small/

Mbuti

Negrito(Malaya)

Slide21

http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm

Skin Color:

Adaptation to equitorial environment

Slide22

Race: Biological: Subspecies

No category called “race” in the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

(ICZN)

Lowest category is “subspecies” which the ICZN does not define

Many definitions, most include aspects of geographicalisolation, different ecologies, and much breeding within but little between subspeciesProblem: Any biological definition of subspecies orrace must apply to

all life forms—human, oak trees, slime mold, etc.

Example: Tigers

Slide23

Tiger Subspecies

From: http://

www.pbs.org

/wnet/nature/broken-tail-a-tigers-last-journey-tigers-at-the-tipping-point/6387/

Slide24

Tiger Subspecies

By Robyn Barfoot,

From http://

www.talesofthetiger.com/uncategorized/quick-comparison-of-tiger-subspecies/

Slide25

Human Subspecies?

Some human groups separated for 10k years or more. E.g.,

Amerinds from rest for c. 15k years and Australians/New Guinea from rest for c. 30k

Wright (1978): casual observers can easily classify pictures of folks from Japan, Nigeria, England, etc.

PRO:

Slide26

Human Subspecies?

Many humans groups differ more dimensionally =

cline

We are a new species and have not had sufficient time to diverge into subspecies.

Much more genetic variability within a group than between groups.Some (e.g., Templeton) argue that human groups are genetically too similar to be called “subspecies.” There is more genetic diversity in some chimp troops than there is in the entire human species!

Definitely are not subspecies as tigers are.

CON:

Slide27

Biological: Race: Population

Population = a group of individuals with a characteristic set of allele frequencies that has largely mated within itself for a long time.

Concept is

relative

, i.e., a person may belong tothe European population, the Italian populationand the Sicilian population at the same time.Hence, hierarchical

Hence, no such thing as the “correct number of races”

Race = ? A high set in the hierarchy

Slide28

From: http://

anthro.palomar.edu

/vary/vary_2.htm

Slide29

New world genetic

dendrogram

;colors = language groups

From: Wang et al. (2007)PLoS

Genetics, 3:e185

Slide30

Tishkoff & Kidd (2004). Nature Genetics Supplement, 36, S21-S27

Slide31

From Shriner et al. (2014) Nature

Africa

Indo-

European

Asia

Slide32

Cavalli

-Sforza et al. (1994) The history and geography of human genes.

Human populations blend:

Genetically, you look like your neighbors

Slide33

From: http://

shapeof.com

/archives/2010/07/making_a_color_wheel_in_core_image.html

Clines:

Is red different than green?Or magenta from blue?

Height is dimensional. Therefore, is“tall” and “short” invalid?

Slide34

CAUTION: Polygenic scores based on one group

may not extrapolate to other groups

AFR: African

AMR: African & Hispanic American

EAS: East AsianEUR: EuropeanSAS: South East Asia (India)

From Martin et al. (2018) AJHG, 100: 635-649

Slide35

Race: Self-nominated

Box or boxes that a person checks on a research

form, census form, application, etc.

Difference between “race” and “ethnicity” candiffer from form to form

Slide36

Tang et al. (2005) AMHG, 76:268-275

Large study (Family Blood Pressure Program)

Self-nominated race/ethnicity of 4 categories:

African American, Asian American, Hispanic, white

Took 4 clusters form an analysis of 326 short tandemrepeat polymorphisms; clusters independent of self-nominated categories.Race: Self-nominated

Slide37

“Of 3,636 subjects of varying race/ethnicity, only 5 (0.14%) showed genetic cluster membership different from their self-identified race/ethnicity.” p. 268

Tang et al. (2005) AMHG, 76:268-275

Race: Self-nominated

Slide38

Race: Self-nominated

Replicated by

Guo et al (21xx)in two other independent samples

Largest error rates = 7 - 8%

Most errors ~ 1 – 3%

Slide39

Race: Social Construct

Etiological, not a definition

Wikipedia (from 6 different pubs, 2015):

“Race, as a social construct, is a group of people who share similar and distinct physical

characteristics.”

Slide40

Race: Social Construct

Social construct versus genetic?

Are the two mutually exclusive?

What causes the “physical characteristics?

“Versus” is stupid. Akin to asking if wateris hydrogen or oxygen.

Slide41

Whole Human Genome

Just Differences

Human Genome:

Similarity and Diversity

Slide42

Human Genetic Variability

Within group = 85 - 95%; between group = 5 - 15%

Therefore, an asteroid stuck earth and killed

every human except those in Australia,the survivors would have 85 - 95% of the genetic

variability that exists today.

Slide43

This is what human genetic variation looks like:

Black line = Genetic variation for all humans

Blue line = Genetic variation BETWEEN populations

Red line = Genetic variation WITHIN populations

Notice how similar the black (total) and red (within) lines are

Slide44

Why Do We Look So Different?

“… [T]he genes that show the greatest difference in allele frequency between continental groups (indigenous Africans, Europeans, Americans and Australians) are enriched for associations with visible traits such as skin, hair and eye pigmentation. An interesting consequence is that the geographic groups are more different from each other in terms of pigmentation than they are, on average, at the level of the genome.”

Nielsen et al., (2017), Nature, 541, p. 307