CLASSIFICATION Three Domains - PowerPoint Presentation

1. CLASSIFICATION

2. Three Domains

3. Three Domains

4. Phylogenetic treesA phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

5. EvidenceComparative anatomyUsing radioisotope dating, such as Potassium-argon dating method. 40K has a half life of 1.248×109 years to 40Ca and 40Ar.DNA analysis – The greater the difference, the longer ago two species separated

6. The Primates

7. Questions1. Which two spiecies would you expect to show the greatest similarity in their DNA sequences?

8. QuestionsHow long ago did D. Melanogaster’s ancestors separate from the ancestors of D. pseudoobscura to form two separate speciesWhich species would you expect to be most similar to D. ananassae: D. Persimilis or D. Secheilia?D = Drosophila

9. Carl Linnæus or Carl von Linné (1707–1778).Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carl Linnæus who learnt to speak Latin from a very young age. The names are in two parts (binomial), the first name being the name of the genus and the second the name of the species. Two organisms with the same genus name will be closely related. This is not so for the species name.

10. Cordulegaster boltonii

11. List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level.Orcinus orca

12. List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level.Quercus robur(English Oak)Kingdom .... PlantaePhylum .... MagnoliophytaClass .... MagnoliopsidaOrder .... FagalesFamily .... FagaceaeGenus .... QuercusSpecies .... robur

13. Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta andangiospermophyta.PhylumRoots, leaves and stemsReproductive structuresBryophytaNo roots, instead they have structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids. Mosses have simple leaves and stems.Spores are produced in capsule. The capsule develops at the end of a stalk.FilicinophytaHave roots, leaves and short non-woody stems. Leaves are usually pinnate (divided into leaflets) and curled up in a budSpores are produced in sporangia, usually on the underside of the leaves.ConiferophytaShrubs or trees with roots, leaves and woody stems. Leaves are usually narrow with thick waxy cuticle.Seeds are produced from ovules on the surface of the scales of female cones. Male cones produce pollen.AngiospermaphytaMany different characteristics but usually have roots, leaves and stems. Stems of flowering plants that develop into shrubs and trees are woody. Seeds are produced from ovules inside the ovaries. The ovaries are part of the flower. The fruits then develop from the ovaries and disperse the seeds.

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15. Phylum bryophytaRhizoids

16. Phylum filicinophytaFonds (pinnate leaves)RhizoidRootsSporangia

17. Phylum coniferophytaNeedle-like leavesSeeds in cones

18. Phylum angiospermophyta

19. PhylumCommon NameFeaturesbryophytaMosses and liverwortsNo true rootsProduce sporesGrow in damp placesfilicinophytaFernsTrue rootsProduce sporesLeaves form fondsconiferophytaConifersNeedle-like leaves‘Naked’ seedsangiospermophytaFlowering PlantsProduce flowersProduce seeds within a fruit

20. Phylum filicinophytaPhylum coniferophytaSort the photographs in the centre into the four taxa by dragging the images into the correct sectionsPhylum bryophytaPhylum angiospermophyta

21. Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda.PhylumFeaturesReproductive structuresporiferano clear symmetryattached to a surfaceno mouth or anusExample: Mermaid's GloveHaliclona oculatacnidariaradially symmetrictentacles with stinging cellsmouth but no anusExample: Hydra oligactisplatyhelminthesbilaterally symmetricalflat unsegmented bodiesmouth but no anusExample: Liver fluke Fasciola hepaticaannelidabristles often presentsegmentedmouth and anusExample: Earthworm Lumbricus terrestrismolluscamuscular footshell may be presentExample: Banded snail cepaea nemoralisarthropodabilaterally symmetricexoskeletonSegmented and jointed appendagesExample: Edible crab Cancer pagurus

22. Phylum PoriferaMermaid’s Glove

23. Phylum cnidariaBrown Hydra Hydra oligactis

24. Phylum platyhelminthesLiver fluke Fasciola hepatica

25. Phylum annelidaEarthworm Lumbricus terrestris

26. Phylum molluscaBanded Snail Cepea nemoralis

27. Phylum arthropodaEdible crab Cancer pagurus

28. Example of a Dichotomous Key:1. Organism is a plant ...................................................................................... Go to Q2 Organism is not a plant (animal) ................................................................ Go to Q52. Has no 'true' leaves or roots ....................................................................... Bryophyta Has leaves and roots ................................................................................... Go to Q33. Has no seeds (sporangia) .......................................................................... Filicinophyta Has seeds ..................................................................................................... Go to Q4 4. Has no flowers ............................................................................................. Coniferophyta Has flowers ................................................................................................... Angiospermophyta5. Asymmetrical body plan ............................................................................. Porifera Symmetrical body plan ............................................................................... Go to Q66. Has radial symmetry ................................................................................... Cnidaria Has bilateral symmetry ............................................................................... Go to Q77. Has no anus ................................................................................................. Platyhelminthes Has an anus ................................................................................................. Go to Q88. Has a segmented body .............................................................................. Go to Q9 Has no visible body segmentation ........................................................... Mollusca9. Have an exoskeleton ................................................................................. Arthropoda Have no exoskeleton ................................................................................. AnnelidaApply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms.TASK: Collect the leaves from eight or more deciduous trees in the school grounds and identify them using a tree identification tree. Taking photographs of the trees on your phone will help. Clicking on the image below will take you to an online key.