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Click to edit Medicinal plants - PowerPoint Presentation

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Click to edit Medicinal plants - PPT Presentation

AssistProfDrWidad Jumaa Hamid Medicinal plants medicinal herbs or simply herbs have been identified and used from prehistoric times Plants make many chemical compounds for biological functions including ID: 916274

plants oil pain medicinal oil plants medicinal pain ginger garlic lavender thyme properties peppermint medicines skin plant including effects

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Slide1

Click to edit

Medicinal plants

Assist.Prof.Dr.Widad

Jumaa

Hamid

Slide2

Medicinal plants, medicinal herbs

, or simply

herbs

have been identified and used from prehistoric times. Plants make many chemical compounds for biological functions, including

defence

against

insects

,

fungi

and

herbivorous

mammals

. Over 12,000 active compounds are known to science. These chemicals work on the human body in exactly the same way as

pharmaceutical drugs

, so herbal medicines can be beneficial and have harmful

side effects

just like conventional drugs. However, since a single plant may contain many substances, the effects of taking a plant as medicine can be complex.

Slide3

The earliest historical records of herbs are found from the Sumerian

civilisation

, where hundreds of medicinal plants including

opium

are listed on clay tablets. The

Ebers

Papyrus

from

ancient Egypt

describes over 850 plant medicines, while

Dioscorides

documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in

De

materia

medica

, forming the basis of

pharmacopoeias

for some 1500 years. These include the common drugs

aspirin

,

digoxin

,

quinine

, and

opium

. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most are in four major biochemical classes, the

alkaloids

,

glycosides

,

polyphenols

, and

terpenes

.

Slide4

Medicinal plants are widely used to treat disease

in non-industrialized societies, not least because they are far cheaper than modern medicines. The annual global export value of pharmaceutical plants in 2012 was over US$2.2 billion

Dioscorides

's

1st century

De

materia

medica

, seen here in a c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes some 1000 drug recipes based on over 600 plants.

Main articles:

History of

herbalism

and

History of pharmacy

Slide5

Prehistoric times

Plants, including many now used as

culinary herbs

and

spices

, have been used as medicines from prehistoric times. Spices have been used partly to counter food spoilage bacteria, especially in hot climates and especially in meat dishes which spoil more readily. Angiosperms (

flowering plants

) were the original source of most plant medicines .Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds useful as medicines, such as

nettle

,

dandelion

and

chickweed

.Humans were not alone in using herbs as medicines: some animals such as non-human

primates

,

monarch butterflies

Slide6

monarch butterflies and

sheep

ingest medicinal plants to treat illness. For instance, a 60 000-year-old Neanderthal burial site, "

Shanidar

IV

", in northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen from 8 plant species, 7 of which are used now as herbal remedies. A mushroom

was found in the personal effects of

Ötzi

the Iceman

, whose body was frozen in the

Ötztal

Alps

for more than 5,000 years. The mushroom was probably used to treat

whipworm

.

Slide7

The Ebers

Papyrus

(

c.

1550 BC) from

Ancient Egypt describes the use of hundreds of plant medicines

Slide8

In ancient Sumeria

, hundreds of medicinal plants including

myrrh

and

opium

are listed on clay tablets. The ancient Egyptian

Ebers

Papyrus

lists over 800 plant medicines such as

aloe

,

cannabis

,

castor bean

,

garlic

,

juniper

, and

mandrake

.

From ancient times to the present used hundreds of pharmacologically active herbs and spices such as

turmeric

, which contains

curcumin

Slide9

Middle Ages

In the

Early Middle Ages

,

Benedictine monasteries

preserved medical knowledge in Europe, translating and copying classical texts and maintaining

herb

gardens

.

Hildegard

of

Bingen

wrote

Causae

et

Curae

("Causes and Cures") on medicine In the

Islamic Golden Age

, scholars translated many classical Greek texts including

Dioscorides

into

Arabic

, adding their own commentaries

Herbalism

flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in

Baghdad

and in

Al-

Andalus

. Among many works on

 

medicinal plants,

Slide10

, Abulcasis

(936–1013) of

Cordoba

wrote

The Book of Simples

, and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded hundreds of medicinal herbs.

Avicenna

included many plants in his 1025

The Canon of Medicine

.

Abu-

Rayhan

Biruni, Ibn Zuhr, Peter of Spain, and John of St Amand wrote further pharmacopoeias

Slide11

The Early Modern

period saw the flourishing of illustrated

herbals

across Europe, starting with the 1526

Grete

Herball. John Gerard wrote his famous

The

Herball

or General History of Plants

in 1597, based on

Rembert

Dodoens

, and Nicholas Culpeper published his The English Physician Enlarged. Many new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of Early Modern exploration and the resulting Columbian Exchange, in which livestock, crops and technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee, tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction In Mexico, the sixteenth century Badianus

Manuscript

described medicinal plants available in Central America.

Slide12

7 Medicinal Plants You Can Use to Benefit Your Health

Below is an excellent starting point to learn how to harness the power of medicinal plants. This is only a small sample, of course, and once you get your feet wet, you'll likely be inspired to explore more and more uses for these healing wonders.

Slide13

1.

Ginger

Ginger is one spice that

recommend

keeping on hand in your kitchen at all times. Not only is it a wonderful addition to your cooking (especially paired with garlic) but it also has enough

medicinal properties

to fill several books.

Ginger is best known for its

antinausea

effects but also has broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-parasitic properties, to name just several of its more than 40 scientifically confirmed pharmacological actions. It is anti-inflammatory, making it valuable for pain relief for joint pain, menstrual pain, headaches, and more.

Slide14

Dry Ginger

Slide15

The pain-relieving potential of ginger appears to be far-reaching. Along with help for muscle and joint pain, ginger has been found to reduce the severity of migraine headaches as well as the migraine medication

Sumatriptan

– with fewer side effects

.

Ginger also shows promise for fighting

cancer

, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, asthma, bacterial and fungal infections, and it is one of the best natural remedies available for motion sickness or nausea (from pregnancy or chemotherapy, for example).

Slide16

Taking one gram of ginger daily may help reduce nausea and vomiting in pregnant women, or those with migraines and ginger has been shown to work better than a placebo in relieving morning

sickness.

Ginger is also a must-have if you struggle with indigestion, and it does more than simply relieve pain. Ginger contains powerful protein-digesting enzymes and helps to stimulate the emptying of your stomach without any negative effect, and it's an antispasmodic agent, which may explain its beneficial effects on your intestinal tract.

Slide17

Many people enjoy ginger tea on a regular basis, and this is one of the simplest ways to use it. Simply chop off a couple of inches of ginger root and let it steep in hot water for fresh ginger

tea.

Slide18

2.

Garlic

Eating a clove or two of fresh garlic a day may indeed keep the doctor away, in part because it has immune-boosting, antibacterial, antiviral,

and

anti-fungal effects. Many of garlic's therapeutic effects are derived from its sulfur-containing compounds, such as

allicin

, which are also what give it its characteristic smell. In general, garlic's benefits fall into four main categories

Slide19

Reducing inflammation (reduces the risk of osteoarthritis and other disease associated with inflammation)

Boosting immune function (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and

antiparasitic

properties)

Improving cardiovascular health and circulation (protects against clotting, improves lipids, and reduces

blood pressure

)

Toxic to at least 14 kinds of cancer cells (including brain, lung, breast, gastric, and pancreatic)

Slide20

In addition, garlic may be effective against drug-resistant bacteria, and research has revealed that as

allicin

digests in your body, it produces

sulfenic

acid, a compound that reacts with dangerous free radicals faster than any other known

compound .

This is one of the reasons why they named garlic as one of the

top seven anti-aging foods

you can consume.

In order to get the health benefits, the fresh clove must be crushed or chopped in order to stimulate the release of an enzyme called

alliinase

, which in turn catalyzes the formation of

allicin

.

Slide21

Allicin

, in turn, rapidly breaks down to form a number of different

organosulfur

compounds. So to "activate" garlic's medicinal properties, compress a fresh clove with a spoon prior to swallowing it, or put it through your juicer to add to your vegetable juice.

A single medium-size clove or two is usually sufficient and is well-tolerated by most people.

Black garlic

, which is basically fermented garlic, and sprouted garlic may contain even

more

antioxidants than regular garlic.

Slide22

3. Peppermint

Peppermint

offers benefits to the respiratory system, including for coughs, colds, asthma, allergies, and tuberculosis. In terms of digestive health, peppermint oil capsules have been described as "the drug of first choice" in

IBS

(

Irritation Bowel Syndrome)

patients

,

and peppermint oil is an effective alternative to drugs like

Buscopan

for reducing colonic spasms

Slide23

It may also relax the muscles of your intestines, allowing gas to pass and easing abdominal pain. Try peppermint oil or leaves added to tea for gas relief. Inhaling the peppermint aroma may offer memory enhancement and stress relief, and peppermint oil acts as an expectorant and decongestant, and may help clear your respiratory tract.

Slide24

Use peppermint essential oil as a cold rub on your chest or inhale it through a vaporizer to help clear nasal congestion and relieve cough and cold symptoms. Peppermint oil may also help relieve tension headache pain. For headache pain, try dabbing a few drops on your wrist or sprinkling a few drops on a cloth, then inhaling the aroma. You can also massage the oil directly onto your temples and forehead. Peppermint essential oil is ideal for muscle and chest rubs, headache pain, dental care, and

aromatherapy

. You can even add it to your homemade cleaning supplies for extra antimicrobial power and natural fragrance.

Slide25

When selecting peppermint for your own use, the fresh leaves will impart a superior flavor to dried leaves (such as for use in tea). Look for fresh leaves that are green in color without any dark spots or yellowing. In addition to using

fresh mint leaves

in tea, you can add them to soups, fruit salad, or gazpacho. Additionally, it is really easy to grow peppermint yourself and the plant works as a highly effective deterrent to many insects that might invade your garden or your home.

Slide26

4

.

Lavender

Lavender oil

has a chemically complex structure with over 150 active

constituents.

This oil is rich in esters, which are aromatic molecules with antispasmodic (suppressing spasms and pain), calming, and stimulating properties. The chief botanical constituents of lavender oil are

linalyl

acetate, linalool (a non-toxic

terpene

alcohol that has natural germicidal properties), Other constituents in lavender oil that are responsible for its antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties include

cis-ocimene

,

lavandulyl

acetate,

Slide27

Slide28

Lavender oil is known for its calming and relaxing properties, and has been used

aromatherapeutically

for alleviating insomnia, anxiety, depression, restlessness, dental anxiety, and stress. It has also been proven

effective for nearly all kinds of ailments, from pain to infections.

Slide29

Lavender oil's potential in fighting antifungal-resistant skin and nail infections. Scientists from the University of Coimbra found that lavender oil is lethal to skin-pathogenic strains known as

dermatophytes

, as well as various Candida species

.

Lavender oil can also be used to:

Slide30

Relieve pain

. It can ease sore or tense muscles, joint pain and rheumatism, sprains, backache, and lumbago. Simply massage a small amount of lavender oil onto the affected area. Lavender oil may also help lessen pain following needle insertion.

Treat various skin disorders

like acne, psoriasis, eczema, and wrinkles. It also helps form scar tissues, which may be essential in healing wounds, cuts, and burns. Lavender can also help soothe insect bites and itchy skin (lavender oil can help ward off mosquitoes and moths. It is actually used as an ingredient in some mosquito repellents).

Slide31

Keep your hair healthy

. It helps kill

lice

, lice eggs, and nits. The

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database

(NMCB) says that lavender is possibly effective for treating alopecia

areata

(hair loss), boosting hair growth by up to 44 percent after just seven months of treatment

.

Improve your digestion.

This oil helps stimulate the mobility of your intestine and stimulates the production of bile and gastric juices, which may help treat stomach pain, indigestion, flatulence, colic, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Slide32

Relieve respiratory disorders.

Lavender oil can help alleviate respiratory problems like colds and flu, throat infections, cough, asthma, whooping cough, sinus congestion,

bronchitis

, tonsillitis, and laryngitis. It can be applied on your neck, chest, or back, or inhaled via steam inhalation or through a vaporizer.

Stimulate urine production

, which helps restore hormonal balance, prevent cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), and relieve cramps and other urinary disorders.

Improve your blood circulation

. It helps lower elevated blood pressure levels and can be used for hypertension.

Slide33

5.

Thyme

Thyme is a fragrant herb that makes a wonderful addition to your cooking, in part because it is rich in antioxidants. Thyme contains health-boosting

flavonoids

including

apigenin

,

naringenin

,

luteolin

, and

thymonin

, and has been shown to protect and increase the percentage of healthy fats found in cell membranes. As reported by the George

Mateljan

Foundation

:

"In particular, the amount of DHA (

docosahexaenoic

acid, an omega-3 fatty acid) in brain, kidney, and heart cell membranes was increased after dietary supplementation with thyme."

Slide34

Slide35

Thyme is also nutrient dense, containing vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, manganese, copper, and dietary fiber. When used in cooked dishes, thyme may also help inhibit

glycation

and the formation of

dangerous advanced

glycation

end products

in your food, making thyme a potential preventer of heart disease and premature aging. Due to

thyme oil's

antibacterial, antispasmodic,

antirheumatic

, expectorant, hypertensive, and calming properties, it also has a long list of topical uses, including:

Slide36

Home remedy

– Thyme oil is used to relieve and treat problems like gout, arthritis, wounds, bites, and sores, water retention, menstrual and menopausal problems, nausea and fatigue, respiratory problems (like colds), skin conditions (oily skin and scars), athlete's foot, hangovers, and even depression.

Aromatherapy oil

– The oil can be used to stimulate the mind, strengthen memory and concentration, and calm the nerves.

Slide37

Hair product

– It is said that thyme oil can prevent hair loss. It is used as a treatment for the scalp and is added to shampoos and other hair products.

Skin product

– Thyme oil can help tone aged skin and prevent acne outbreaks.

Mouthwashes and herbal rinses

– Like peppermint, wintergreen, and eucalyptus oils, thyme oil is used to improve oral health.

Insecticide/insect repellent

– Thyme oil can keep insects and parasites like mosquitoes, fleas, lice, and moths away.

Slide38

6. Chamomile

Chamomile

is most popular in tea form for use to calm upset stomach and help support restful sleep. Germany's Commission E (a government organization) has even approved the use of chamomile for reducing swelling on your skin and fighting bacteria. Chamomile is a powerful anti-inflammatory that also has antibacterial, anti-spasmodic, anti-allergenic, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties.

Slide39

It is used to treat psoriasis, eczema, chickenpox, diaper rash, slow-healing wounds, abscesses, and gum

inflammation,

and according to

Herb Wisdom

may also be useful for the following

conditions:

tight

joints. "The oil serves many medicinal purposes, but one of the best-documented uses is for relaxation. The oil has a calming effect on people, and can be used to help induce sleep, ease frayed nerves, and promote a general sense of calmness and well being. It is great for those with nervousness or anxiety problems.

Slide40

Aside from having mental calming properties, chamomile is also good at relaxing sore muscles and It can ease menstrual cramps and back aches, as well as relax the digestive system to ease upset stomach or indigestion issues.

When applied topically to the skin, it soothes redness and irritation. For this reason, it is a common ingredient in skincare. It also eliminates itchiness and is good for those with allergic reactions. Sometimes chamomile is used on rashes. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, it can work to take down swelling caused by rashes or skin irritants."

Slide41

7.

Dandelion

This flowering plant has traditionally been used as a liver tonic, useful for detoxification and improving liver function. Dandelion is known as a stimulant that is typically used for kidney and liver disorders. It is also traditionally used to reduce the side effects of prescription drugs, as well as to treat infections, gallbladder problems, water retention and swelling.

Slide42

Dandelion greens, which you can prepare simply by blanching them in boiling water for 20 seconds to help remove their bitter flavor (they can also be added to vegetable juice), contain many nutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin B6, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, iron, potassium, and manganese. They are a particularly good source of vitamin A and may also have

cancer-fighting properties

Slide43

Thank You