© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. - PowerPoint Presentation

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© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. - PPT Presentation

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Slide1

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories

Trait TheoriesHumanistic TheoriesSocial-cognitive TheoriesBiological TheoriesPersonality AssessmentSlide2

Things You’ll Learn in Chapter

11Q1Are some people with highly negative attitudes toward gay people repressing their own sexual desires? Q2Can personality traits predict the type of music we like? What parenting skills are also associated with increased marital satisfaction?Does helping parents prepare a meal increase a child’s preference for healthy foods?Can our genes predict how much

we will give to charity?

Why do people from different states vary in their entrepreneurial spirit?

6Slide3

Freud said the mind (the “psyche”) contains three levels of consciousness or awareness:Conscious = thoughts or motives that a person in currently aware of or is rememberingPreconscious = Freud’s term for thoughts, motives, or memories that exist just beneath the surface of awareness and can be called to consciousness when necessaryUnconscious = Freud’s term for part of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulsesFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

The unconscious contains our most primitive, instinctual motives and anxietiesThese are blocked from normal awareness but still have extraordinary impact on our behaviorBecause these thoughts and motives are unacceptable and threatening, they are repressed (held out of awareness) unless they are unintentionally revealed in dreams and slips of the tongueMost psychological disorders come from repressed memories and sexual/aggressive instincts; psychoanalysis was created to treat these disordersFreud’s unconscious

Id = according to Freud, the primitive, unconscious component of personality that operates irrationally and acts on the pleasure principle Pleasure principle = seeking immediate gratificationEgo = the rational, decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle (“ego” = “I”)Reality principle = seeks to delay gratification of the id’s impulses until appropriate outlets can be foundSuperego = represents internalization of society’s values, standards, and morals; the conscience or moral personality component that incorporates parental and societal standardsPersonality structure

The ego is faced with satisfying both the id (biological drives) and the superego (society’s expectations). When it fails, anxiety slips into conscious awarenessTo diminish anxiety, we use defense mechanisms = the ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by self-deception and distorting realityPersonality structure

Much of Freud’s theory is controversialFreud believed strong biological urges push children through five psychosexual stages = five developmental periods (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normallyIf child’s needs aren’t met, he or she could become fixated, or stuck, at that stageFreud’s theory, continued

Adler – theory of individual psychology: that we are motived by our goals in life, especially goals to achieve security and overcome feelings of inferiorityInferiority complex = Adler’s idea that feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetencePsychodynamic/Neo-Freudian Theories

Jung – developed analytic psychology, believing the unconscious contains positive and spiritual motives as well as sexual and aggressive forces. Two forms of the unconscious mind:Personal unconscious = created from our individual experiencesCollective unconscious = the part of the individual’s unconscious that is inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of the speciesArchetypes = universal, inherited, primitive, and symbolic representations of a particular experience or object that reside in the collective unconsciousArchetypes cause us to react in certain predictable ways, such as gender roles: anima (feminine) and animus (masculine) aspects of personalityPsychodynamic/Neo-Freudian Theories

Horney – said Freud’s theory was based on male bias and misunderstanding of womenWomen’s everyday experience with inferiority led to power envy, not penis envyBelieved adult personality is shaped by childhood relationship with parents and how people respond to basic anxietyBasic anxiety – feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environmentPsychodynamic/Neo-Freudian Theories

Major criticisms of psychoanalytic theoriesInadequate empirical supportOveremphasis on sexuality, biology, and unconscious forcesSexismEvaluating Psychoanalytic Theories

People who identify as heterosexual but show a strong attraction to same-sex people in psychological tests also report more homophobic attitudes and greater hostility toward gay people (Weinstein et al., 2012)How does Freud’s theory suggest these negative attitudes spring from unconscious repression of same-sex desires?

Are some people with highly negative attitudes toward gay people repressing their own sexual desires? Slide14

Trait = a relatively stable personality characteristic that can be used to describe someoneAllport was the first to attempt to arrange a person’s unique traits into a hierarchyCattell used factor analysis to condense a large list of traits into 16 source traitsEarly Trait Theorists

Five-factor model (FFM) = a comprehensive descriptive personality system; informally called the Big FiveThese five traits emerge, even when different tests are usedModern Trait Theory

Big Five is the first to successfully achieve the goal of trait theories: to describe and organize personality traits using the smallest number of traitsCross-cultural support for the Big FiveEvaluating Trait Theories

Extroverts prefer upbeat music like rap and hip-hop, while people open to experience prefer complex, rebellious music like classical and rock

Can personality traits predict the type of music we like? Slide18

Humanistic theories emphasize each person’s internal feelings, thoughts, and sense of basic worthSelf-actualization = the humanistic term for the inborn drive to realize one’s full potential and to develop all one’s inherent talents and capabilitiesHumanistic Theories

Self-concept = a person’s relatively stable self-perception, or mental model, based on life experiences, particularly the feedback and perception of othersRogers’s Theory© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

To help children develop their fullest potential and life potential, adults must create atmosphere of

unconditional positive regard = Roger’s term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached

What parenting skills are also associated with increased marital satisfaction?

3Slide21

Humanistic theories play a major role in modern counseling and psychotherapyHumanistic theories have been criticized for:Naïve assumptions – unduly optimistic and overlook negative aspects of human naturePoor testability and inadequate evidence – primary terms difficult to operationalize and testNarrowness – describes personality but doesn’t explain itEvaluating Humanistic Theories

Self-efficacy = Bandura’s term for a person’s learned expectations of success in a given situation; also, another term for self-confidenceBandura’s and Rotter’s Approaches

Children who helped parents with meal preparation reported higher self-efficacy for selecting and eating healthy foods (Chu et al., 2013)

Does helping parents prepare a meal increase a child’s preference for healthy foods?

4Slide25

Reciprocal determinism = Bandura’s belief that a complex reciprocal interaction exists among the individual, his or her behavior, and the environmental stimuli, and that each of these components affects the othersBandura’s and Rotter’s Approaches

Rotter’s theory says learning experiences create cognitive expectancies that guide behavior and influence the environmentYour behavior or personality is determined by what you expect to happen following a specific action and the reinforcement value attached to specific outcomesLocus of control (Chapter 3) helps explain your personalityBandura’s and Rotter’s Approaches

Benefits of social-cognitive theoriesTestable, objective hypotheses and operationally defined terms, rely on empirical dataEmphasize how the environment affects and is affected by individualsMischel says personalities change according to situationCritics say ….social-cognitive theorists focus too much on the situation and don’t adequately address the stability of the personalityEvaluating Social-Cognitive Theories

Eysenck: personality traits are biologically basedBrain imaging shows specific areas of the brain correlate with trait impulsiveness, risk-aversion, risk-seeking personalities, shyness, and sociabilityNeurochemistry also influences personality, specifically MAO and dopamineThree Contributors to Personality

Behavioral genetic is a relatively new field that determines the extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics as opposed to the environmentBehavioral Genetics© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Participants with the “niceness gene” reported higher levels of prosocial behavior like giving blood or engaging in volunteer work

Can our genes predict how much we will give to charity?

5Slide31

Personality traits are never the result of a single biological processThere is a strong inherited basis for personality, but the environment cannot be discountedEvaluating Biological Theories© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Slide32

Psychologists use interviews to evaluate personality: Unstructured interviews allow greater free exploration of personalityStructured interviews use specific questions to objectively evaluate responses and compare to othersPsychologists directly and methodically observe behaviorInterviews and Observation

Objective tests are preferred method of assessment because they can be administered to many people and can be evaluated in standardized wayMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) = the most widely researched and clinically used self-report personality testPrimarily designed to diagnose psychological disordersNEO Personality Inventory-Revised assesses the Five- Factor modelObjective Tests

Projective tests = a method of personality assessment in which an individual is presented with a standardized set of ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or abstract drawings, that allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious unto the test material; the individual’s responses are assumed to reveal inner feelings, motives, and conflictsRorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Projective Tests

Interviews and observations are time consuming and expensive; little agreement between ratersObjective tests incur three major criticisms:Deliberate deception and social desirability biasDiagnostic difficultiesCultural bias and inappropriate useAre Personality Measurements Accurate?

A study of over 500,000 people in the U.S. found greater entrepreneurial spirit in western states, perhaps reflecting America’s historical migration patterns of people moving from east to west (Obschonka et al., 2013)Are Personality Measurements Accurate?

Why do people from different states vary in their entrepreneurial spirit? Q6Slide38

Projective tests have weak reliability and validity, but proponents say their open nature allow subjects to discuss sensitive topicsBecause each method has its limits, psychologists often combine methodsBeware of pop-culture personality quizzes or horoscopes – they may be entertaining, but they aren’t based on science and shouldn’t be used to make important decisionsAre Personality Measurements Accurate?

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. - PowerPoint Presentation

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. - PPT Presentation

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