Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights re - PowerPoint Presentation

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Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights re - PPT Presentation

CHAPTER 20 The Cardiovascular System The Heart Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition The purpose of the chapter is to Learn about the components of the cardiovascular system Focus on the anatomy and physiology of the heart ID: 505032

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CHAPTER 20The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology14th EditionSlide2

The purpose of the chapter is to:Learn about the components of the cardiovascular system

Focus on the anatomy and physiology of the heartLearn about the cardiac cycle

The heart is located in the mediastinum

The heart is enclosed and held in place by the pericardium

The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardiumThe serous pericardium has 2 layers:

VisceralParietalThe visceral and parietal layers are separated by the serous cavity, a fluid-filled space

Anatomy Overview:

Cardiac Muscle

The wall of the heart has 3 layers:Epicardium

MyocardiumEndocardium

The chambers of the heart include two upper atria and two lower ventricles

The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and sends blood to the lungs

The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins

The left ventricle receives

blood from the left atrium and sends blood all over the bodyThe wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricleLeft Ventricle

The fibrous skeleton of the heart:

Forms the foundation for which the heart valves attachServes as a point of insertion for cardiac muscle bundlesPrevents overstretching of the heart valvesActs as an electrical insulator

The valves of the heart open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxesRight and left atrioventricular valves

Prevent back flow from the ventricles into the atriaRight and left semilunar valvesPrevent back flow from the arteries into the ventricles

Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood

When one set of valves is open, the other set is closed

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations

Coronary Circulation

The Cardiovascular SystemAnatomy Overview:You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.Slide21

Blood flow through coronary arteries delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients to the myocardium

Branches arise from the ascending aortaCoronary veins remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the myocardiumBranches converge at the coronary sinus

Coronary Circulation

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable, and therefore,

autorhythmicCardiac muscle cells repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that then trigger heart contractions

These cells form the conduction system, which is the route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscleThe Conduction SystemCopyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Slide26

The Conduction System

Cardiac ConductionInteractions Animation:You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.Slide28

The autorhythmic fibers in the SA node are the natural pacemaker of the heart because they initiate action potentials most oftenSignals from the nervous system and hormones (like epinephrine) can modify the heart rate and force of contraction but they do not set the fundamental rhythm

Influences on the Conduction System

An action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber is characterized by a rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

Action Potential in a Ventricular Fiber

Cardiac muscle generates ATP via anaerobic cellular respiration and creatine

phosphate as backups to aerobic respirationATP Production in Cardiac Muscle

An EKG is a recording of the electrical changes that accompany each heart beat

Action Potential Propagation Through the Heart

One cardiac cycle consists of the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventriclesElectrical events

Pressure changesHeart soundsVolume changesMechanical events

The Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac CycleInteractions Animation:You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.Slide35

Electrical Events

Pressure Changes

Heart Sounds

Volume Changes

Mechanical Events

CO is the volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minuteStroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in one beat

CO (mL/min) = SV (

Cardiac Output and the Factors That Influence It

Cardiac OutputInteractions Animation:You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.Slide43

3 factors regulate stroke volume:Preload

ContractilityAfterload

Several factors regulate heart rate:Autonomic nervous systemHormones

IonsAgeGenderPhysical fitnessTemperature

Nervous System Regulation of the Heart

Factors that Increase Cardiac Output

Regular aerobic exercise can:Increase cardiac outputIncrease HDL

Decrease triglyceridesImprove lung functionDecrease blood pressureAssist in weight control

Help for Failing Hearts

Development of the Heart

Coronary artery diseaseAtherosclerotic plaquesCongenital heart defects

ArrhythmiaCongestive heart failureDisorders: Homeostatic Imbalances

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Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights re - PowerPoint Presentation

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights re - PPT Presentation

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