AP European History Unit 4 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

AP European HistoryUnit 41914 - Present

World War I = 1914 - 1919

The Rise of Fascism = 1920s and 1930s

The Great Depression = 1930s

World War II = 1939 - 1945

The Cold War = 1945 - 1991

Post Cold War Era = 1991 - Slide2

World War I (1914 – 1919)

Long-term Causes:

(MAIN) Militarization, alliance system, imperialism, nationalism

Immediate Cause:

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalistNew Technologies:Machine gun, barbed wire, poison gas, tanksImpact on Non-European groups:Armenian massacred by Turks – the Armenian GenocideArabs revolted against the TurksJapan joins on the side of the Allies and gets German colonies in ChinaEffects:Peace treaties: Wilson’s idealism vs. France’s desire to punish GermanyWoodrow Wilson’s 14 points – one of them is national self-determinationEmpires dismantled Russia, Austria and German and Democratic successor states created in Eastern Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations created but weak: U.S., Soviet Union and Germany do not join. The League of Nations also gave former German and Ottoman lands to France and Great Britain as mandates – The Mandate System. Independence not granted to colonies: Indian National Congress (INC) grows as nationalism strengthens. Treaty of Versailles 1919 – guilt clause = reparations, accepted by the Weimar Republic which some Germans felt had “stabbed them in the back”

Key Concept 4.1, I, II, VIISlide3

The Russian Revolution crated a regime (an imposed gov’t) based on Marxist-Leninist theory

Key Concept 4.2, I

Russian Empire is replaced by the United Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R.) a/k/a Soviet Union:

Lenin

writes 2 pamphlets:“What is to be Done?” 1902“Two Tactics of Social Democracy in The Bourgeois Democratic Revolution” 1905Russian Revolution of January 1905 “Bloody Sunday,” Czar Nicholas II reacts by promising a Duma and constitution then takes it awayFebruary/March 1917 Revolution – Provisional gov’t replaces czarist gov’tLiberals, populists and socialists upset.October/November Revolution – Lenin and his Bolsheviks replace Provisional gov’t. Bolsheviks were supported by soviets (workers and soldiers). The Petrograd (former St. Petersburg) Soviets formed the first council.Bolsheviks (The Red Army) enter into a civil war against (The White Army). Through “War Communism” Bolsheviks took control of resources to win the civil war, through pogroms and forced labor camps they incarcerated anti-Bolsheviks. After civil war is over…

New Economic Policy (NEP) – Lenin tries to help Russian economy by introducing free-market reformsJosef Stalin – new leader replaces NEP with Collectivization and Five-Year Plans. Other things under Stalin: Great Purges, liquidation of the kulaks, Gulags (labor/prison camps), Cheka (secret police)Slide4

The Interwar period 1920s and 1930s

Key Concept 4.1, III and 4.2, II

Benito Mussolini

Rise of Fascism

(an ideology that believes in the strengthening of nations through expansion and authoritarian rule). Causes: bitterness and humiliation of WWI results, fear of the rise of communism, ineffectiveness of democratic institutions, economic instability, the rise of charismatic leaders, the use of modern technology and propaganda and manipulation of mass politics to persuade the masses. Proposed to fix economic problems through state regulation not ownership. It also promised to counteract the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles by rearming the military and territorial expansion. Nationalism, militarism and order by force.Benito Mussolini – black shirts, 1922 Mussolini and other fascist elected to Italian Parliament, Il Duce, persuades King Victor Emmanuel III to name him and other fascists to cabinet positions. As riots and strikes continue and democratic, parliamentary government is unable to take control of Italy, king appoints Mussolini prime minister, fascists continue to attack political enemies and close down newspapers, outlaws other political parties, rules as dictator. Develops a cult-like following using autobiographies, speeches, films, rallies, marches. Supported by the Catholic Populist Party.Once in power Mussolini: Lateran Accord/Pacts 1929, a corporative state also known as Italian corporatism, 22 assemblies of employers and employees created to oversee production and get rid of competition, autarchy (autarky) make Italy’s economy independent, “battle for wheat” military spending, increased patriarchy, Catholic Church disillusioned by 1930’s denounces fascism as the “pagan worship of the state”

Effects elsewhere: Rise of The Popular Front in France Leon Blum, Socialist Jew. Slide5

The Interwar Period 1920’s 1930s’

Key Concept 4.1, III and 4.2 II

Adolf Hitler

National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party)

Review rise of Fascism in previous slide.Adolf Hitler rises to power: German soldier in WWI, joins German Workers’ party in 1919, renames it in 1920 the National Socialist German Workers’ Party the Nazi Party. In 1921 a paramilitary organization formed, known as stormtroopers or S.A. led by Ernst Rohm, Beer Hall Putsch, jailed, Mein Kampf, Jews and Communists had stabbed Germany in the back, create lebensraum, living space, at expense of inferior Slavic peoples, Nazis win few seats in 1928 elections, 1929 stock market crashes in U.S., The Great Depression starts. Article 48 of the Weimer Constitution allows President von Hindenburg to appoint chancellor in case of emergency without consent of Reichstag, appoints Hitler in 1933. Reichstag Building in Berlin on fire, Nazis blame Communists, Enabling Acts approved giving Hitler unlimited emergency power over the government, by end of 1933 had banned al other political parties, totalitarian dictatorship in place. S.S. his body guards and the Gestapo (Nazi secret police). The Third Reich, Hindenburg dies 1934, chancellor and President positions combined to the Fuhrer positions combined. While in power: “Strength through Joy” program – working families take modest vacation trips, rearmament and public works projects reduce unemployment, Volkswagen – the peoples’ car, patriarchy increases, “Kinder Kuche, Kirch

” (children, kitchen, church) new role for women, Joseph Goebbels, minister of propaganda, Triumph of the Will, propaganda film of the Nuremberg rally of 1934, Anti-Semitism: 1935 Nuremberg Laws, Jews emigrate – Albert Einstein. Foreign policy: lebensraum in Eastern Europe, inferior Slav peoples, signs non-aggression pact with Poland 1934 , 1936 occupy the Rhineland, Slide6

The Great Depression

Key Concept 4.2, III

A global capitalist economy had created economic interdependence among liberal, democratic, capitalist states, connecting the economy of the U.S. with Western European states. When the U.S. Stock Market Crashed in 1929, the economy of European states, trying to recoup their after WWI collapsed as well.

Effects of the Great Depression:

Leads to the rise in extremist nationalist governments in Italy and GermanyGovernments decrease spending and put up protectionist tariffs.John Maynard Keynes – Keynesian economics – argues the opposite = increase government spending by creating public works programs to put people back to work – deficit spendingFranklin D. Roosevelt does this in the U.S. – The New DealMeanwhile in the Soviet Union:The Great Depression had no impact on Russia as it had retreated from a global, capitalist economy after its Bolshevik Revolution. At this time Stalin is leading his collectivization and Five Year Plan programs.Slide7

The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939

Key Concept 4.2, III, C

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica

Francisco Franco - Spain

Francisco Franco - Nationalist, aided by Mussolini and Hitler. Gives Hitler an opportunity to test the German Airforce (Luftwaffe)Vs.

Republicans, Popular Front, liberals, aided by volunteers only, liberal democratic states did not provide aid. The arts reflects this event: Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) and George Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia (1938).

Results:

Spain will be ruled by Francisco Franco – authoritarian rule from 1936 to 1970s.

Meanwhile…, outside of Spain???

Democracy did not work in the

s

uccessor states of Eastern Europe created after WWI: Poland, Hungary and Romania, Instead, authoritarian dictatorships took power in Central and Eastern EuropeSlide8

World War IIKey Concept 4.1, III, B, C and D,

Definition:

A conflict between liberal democracies, temporarily allied with communist Russia, and fascist states, leading to defeat of fascism.

Causes:

French and British fears of another war, American isolationism, distrust between Western democratic, capitalist nations and communist Soviet Union which led to the rearmament of fascist states, early expansion of Hitler was answered with Britain’s appeasement policy. Early Fascist expansion includes Hitler’s remilitarization of the Rhineland, Mussolini’s Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Hitler’s Annexation of Austria, Hitler’s violation of the Munich Agreement, Hitler’s Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression PactActual War: Germany’s Blitzkrieg “lighting war” and Japan’s expansionism in Asia led to Axis victories initially, U.S. and British industrial, scientific and technological power and alliance with Russia led to Allied victories. Military technologies impacted industrialized warfare and genocide, besides Jews, Nazis targeted Roma, homosexuals, people with disabilities. Fueled by racism and anti-Semitism, Nazi Germany with the cooperation of some of the other Axis powers and collaborationist governments (Vichy government of France) sought a new racial order through the Nuremberg Laws, Wannsee Conference (The Final Solution), Auschwitz and other death camps culminating in the Holocaust.Slide9

The Impact of Conflicts on Religion, Intellectual Thought and the Arts

Key Concept 4.3, I, III, IV, 4.4, I

Before WWI, Europeans were confident due to the Enlightenment ideas,

Auguste

Comte’s Positivism and warmongering or nationalist Europeans eager to plunge into war to prove the superiority of their nation. After WWI, Dadaism, an art movement, reacted against the absurdities of war by creating absurd art. After WWII, Jean Paul Sartre helped bring in a new movement known as existentialism, a philosophical movement that rejected all abstract ideas in the quest for ethics by establishing an individualistic, personal approach to moral decisions. Existentialist of this era advocated that an individual must assume ultimate responsibility for acts of free will without any certain knowledge of what is right or wrong or good or bad. Religion:Before this era, Leo XIII's encyclical known as Rerum Novarum (Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor), issued 1891, stated that private property ownership was acceptable but recognized that capitalism also had faults. Declared that much in socialism is Christian in principle but, as practiced by many, said socialism was also materialistic and anti-religious. Suggested that Catholics form their own socialist parties/unions. This led to the creation of new conservative political parties, Christian Democratic Party in several states. Beginning in 1962,

Vatican II or the Second Vatican Council, was a Vatican Council called by Pope John XXIII leading to changes in the Catholic Church, like using vernacular language and not Latin in Masses. A Polish cardinal was named Pope in 1978, Pope John Paul II. He became a critic of western materialism and an advocate for social justice. He openly identified with the Solidarity movement in his native country of

Poland

. Many think his visit to Poland strengthened the Solidarity Movement leading to the collapse of communism in 1989.Slide10

As WWII ended, a Cold War began

Key Concept 4.1, IV

The

Cold War

lasted from 1947 to 1991. It was between the liberal democratic West, led by the U.S. and the communist East, led by the Soviet Union. It was based on opposing ideologies and fueled by an arms race and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. In Europe the “Iron Curtain”, a phrase used by Winston Churchill described the lack of contact with Eastern European states which had become satellite states of the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War. The Cold war can be seen in the economic aid given to Western European states by the U.S. after WWII to building up their war-torn economy and avoid revolutions. This was known as the Marshall Plan, which was answered with Soviet aid to their satellite states known as COMECON or the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The U.S. continued to promote global capitalist trade and In 1947 member nations of Western Europe and the U.S. entered into a trade agreement that reduced tariffs and led to liberalizing global trade. This was known as the General Agreement on tariffs and Trade, or GATT. In 1995 the World Trade Organization, or WTO replaced GATT. Militarily the Cold War can be seen with the creation of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization where the U.S. and Western European states pledged to defend each other if attacked which was answered with the Soviet creation of the Warsaw Pact. Examples of Cold War tension in Europe can be seen in the separation of West and East Germany and the separation of the city of Berlin, located in East Germany. The Cold War also affected non-European states leading to hot wars in which the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. supported opposite sides. Examples are:

Korean War 1950s; Vietnam War 1960s, 1970s; In the Middle East, the Yom Kippur War in 1973 resulting from a surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria, following the previous confrontation in Latin America in 1962 known as the Cuban Missile Crisis

. Between 1979 and 1989 a hot war was fought in

Afghanistan

where the Soviet-backed government fought rebels aided by the U.S

. Cold War Russian leaders

include: Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev and Gorbachev.Slide11

During the Cold War era, Western European states were able to integrate economically

Key Concept 4.1, V

In response to the destructive impact of two world wars, European nations began to set aside nationalism in favor of economic and political integration, forming a series of transnational unions that grew in size during the 20

th

century.In 1948 the Benelux Economic Union was formed by Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, ensuring the free circulation of persons, goods, capital, and services by following a coordinated policy in the economic, financial, and social fields and by pursuing a common policy with regard to foreign trade. In 1951 the European Coal and Steel Community was formed when Jean Monnet came up with a plan that was proposed by Robert Schuman, French foreign minister, which proposed establishing a common market for coal and steel. This would eliminate import duties and quotes on heavy industry by placing the production the control of a president and a council of ministers in charge of this supranational organization. This brought West Germany, France and Italy together as member nations thus eliminating the chance of them producing weapons against each other. The Benelux countries also joined.In 1957 the Treaty of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) signed by the Benelux countries, France and West Germany. The EEC was designed to create a common market among its members through the elimination of most trade barriers and the establishment of a common external trade policy. Politically, it was the hope that it would lessen the tensions resulting from WWII and bring reconciliation to France and Germany.

In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty created the European Union (EU) with supranational institutions such as the European Parliament and European CouncilIn 2002 the EU introduced a common currency known as the

Euro.

Euro requirements on member nations include: a limit on the national debt, low inflation, political freedoms, freedom of speech, no death penalty and protection of human rights.

In

2004

, 10 states

joined

the

EU: the

Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,

Lithuania (all former Soviet satellite states), and Cyprus, Malta

, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.Slide12

Eastern European states became satellite states of the Soviet Union during the Cold War 1945 - 1968

Key Concept 4.2, V, A and B

Towards the end of WWII, Stalin’s army moved throughout

Eastern Europe

to liberate them from German Nazi occupation. In Stalin’s mind, liberation meant occupation as he imposed a Soviet political and economic system on these Eastern states which became known as Soviet satellite states which Winston Churchill described as living under an “iron curtain from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic.” In 1947 under Stalin, the Soviets reestablished control of Communist parties throughout Europe by renaming the old Communist International or Comintern to Communist Information Bureau or Cominform. They also replaced coalition governments in Central and Eastern Europe with government controlled solely by Communist parties. Economically, Central and Eastern European nations which became Soviet satellite states followed the Soviet model of centralized planning and collectivization of agriculture and nationalizing the economy. Forbidding them to accept Marshall Plan aid, the Soviet Union established the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in 1949 or Comecon. A military defense treaty known as the Warsaw Pact kept a Soviet military presence in these satellite states. In 1953 Nikita Krushchev became the new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death. He denounced Stalin in what’s been called the “secret

speech.” Thinking this would lead to easing up of Soviet control of their satellite states, a revolt broke out in Budapest, Hungary in 1956 against their communist government, backed up by the Soviet Union but was quickly crushed by Krushchev, who ordered that Soviet tanks move in to stop it. In 1968 the Prague Spring

occurred in

Czechoslovakia

. This was an attempt to introduce democratic reforms from its new leader,

Alexander Dubcek

. It was a nonviolent movement but Leonid

Brezhnev

of the Soviet Union sent in Warsaw Pact

troops and tanks

, crushing the rebellion. He justified these actions by declaring what became known as the

Brezhnev Doctrine

: “

When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist

countries.” Meaning that it was the foreign policy of the Soviet Union to intervene in revolts.Slide13

Also occurring in 1968…

Key Concept 4.4, I, C

In 1968, intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence with revolts, the biggest ones being in Paris, France. A youth culture had developed in the 1960s, partly as a result of the “baby boom”, an extraordinary number of births in the decade and a half after the Second World War. Student rebellions occurred in the U.S., West German, Italian and Spanish universities but the biggest one was in Paris. Grievances in the overcrowded universities sparked a revolt that led to demonstrations by hundreds of thousands of students and then brought 10 million workers out on strike. They rebelled against racial injustice, colonialism, the decadence of the bourgeois society, nuclear destruction, the Vietnam War and glorified anti-establishment leaders such as Fidel Castro,

Che

Guevara, Ho Chi Minh and Mao Zedong. They attacked materialism, affluence and conformity and the power structure of contemporary society.Why France? By the 1960s France had become the world’s 5th industrial power, behind the U.S., the U.S.S.R., West Germany and Japan, it had become the 4th nation, along with the U.S., U.S.S.R., and Britain to develop a nuclear capacity. The President, Charles De Gaulle, even created an independent nuclear strike force. This occurred during his presidency and the Fifth French Republic.

Student protest, Paris, France 1968Slide14

The fall of communism in Eastern Europe 1989

Key Concept 4.2, V, C and D

In

1985

Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet leader, introduced two reforms: perestroika and glasnost. In perestroika he wanted to reform or restructure the command economy that had existed since Stalin in order to improve the stagnant Soviet economy. He wanted to decentralize the economy, freeing it up from the restraints of the government in order to raise productivity, raise the quality of products and satisfy consumer needs. In order to restructure the economy he needed the support of the country so he called for glasnost, or openness. This now gave the people the right to voice the need for change, the freedom to criticize the existing system. He liberalized the press after decades of totalitarian oppression. He permitted dissidents who had been exiled to return, he permitted Jews to emigrate. People became freer and less fearful to speak out as civil liberties and freedom of expression were written into new legal codes. The 1998 Constitutional reforms created a new national legislature where multiple party elections replaced the traditional one-party ones of the past. The loosening of totalitarian control unleashed long-suppressed ethnic tensions and a rise of nationalist secessionist movements in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. The Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia asked for independence.

In Poland, a workers union known as Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa had formed in the 1980s which called for democratic reform and multi-party elections. A visit from Pope John Paul II also inspired demonstrations for freedom. Gorbachev’s liberalizing reforms led the Polish Communist leader

J

aruzelski

to permit parliamentary elections in 1989. The Solidarity party won and

Lech Walesa

became President. The new government restructured the economy allowing for

free-market reforms

. In

Hungary,

after Gorbachev’s 1985 reforms, the government allowed for democratic reforms, abolished the Communist party and a revolution

without bloodshed

occurred. It implemented

civic freedoms

and a

market-oriented economy

. It cut the barbed-wire barrier with Austria so

East Germans

were able to

go

from East Germany to Austria

to West Germany

. Slide15

The fall of communism in Eastern Europe 1989

Key Concept 4.2, V, C and D

In the

two

Germanies, in 1969 William Brandt, leader of West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) initiated his policy of Ostpolitik, to open up diplomatic relations, or normalize relations, with East Germany (German Democratic Republic). This normalization of relations between Willy Brandt of West Germany and Erich Honecker of East Germany. Seeing the reforms in Russia under Gorbachev and the impact it had on Poland and Hungary, and after a massive exodus of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary, East Germans began to demonstrate against their government. Honecker resigned and the new government promised elections while Berliners on both sides began to tear down the wall. Once the German Democratic Republic was no longer Communist, pressure for reunification was initiated by West German Helmut Kohl, the Christian Democratic chancellor. This “German question” was met with some hesitation from France and Britain who were afraid of a renewed, strong German nation. After approval from the four Allied powers and the U.S.S.R., in 1990, the two German states merged their economies and the West German mark became the common currency. The Federal Republic of Germany with its capital Berlin was formed, headed by Chancellor Helmut Kohl and his Christian Democratic Party.

A totally different outcome in 1989 than what had occurred back in 1968 resulted in Czechoslovakia. Known as the “velvet revolution” because of its peaceful nature, the democratic movement began with an organization of intellectuals known as “Charter ’77” who rallied against dictatorship. Demonstrations in

Prague

demanded an end to the party-state dictatorship.

Alexander Dubcek

, the hero of 1968 appeared on a balcony alongside a new reform-minded Communist prime minister and promised free press and free elections. Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops that had been stationed in Czechoslovakia since 1968.

Romania’s

revolution was the most violent as dictator

Nicholae

Ceausescu

refused to step down. The angry demonstrators in

Bucharest

forced him to flee and once caught he was executed by a firing squad.Slide16

Nationalism leads to genocide in the Balkans and instability in some former Soviet republics

Key Concept 4.2, V, D

The

communist dictator

of Yugoslavia known as Tito, broke from Moscow control and set up a federal republic with six republics in 1946: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Montenegro and Macedonia. He was a Croat but he suppressed all separatist movements as dictator so he was able to silence nationalist tensions in the Balkan Peninsula until he died in 1980, and separatist movements reemerged. When communism collapsed all over eastern Europe in 1989, Yugoslavia collapsed as well. Slobodan Milosevic a Serbian nationalist rose to power while Croatia and Slovenia held referenda in 1991 proclaiming their independence. Muslims dominated the population of Bosnia and declared Bosnia’s independence as well. The secession of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia led Milosevic to declare war on the secessionist states. The worst violence occurred when both Serbs and Croats attempted to create enclaves for themselves in Bosnia by conducting “ethnic cleansing” campaigns against the Muslim population in a siege of the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. The U.N., U.S., and NATO mediated a seize fire in 1994, threatening air strikes if it were violated. In response to Serbs occupying territory in Bosnia and Croatia, the Croatian army repulsed the Serb military, undertaking their own “ethnic cleansing” program. The Dayton Accords in 1995 created a peace settlement and Serbia agreed to the terms in 1996. In 1998 Milosevic launched an attack on the province of

Kosovo against Albanian Muslims who made up 90% of the population in response to their growing separatist movement, again undertaking “ethnic cleansing” of Albanian Muslims in Kosovo. In 1999 NATO led air strikes, Milosevic was indicted for war crimes by the international court at The Hague and died in prison awaiting trial.Slide17

The Post World War II economic growth supported an increase in welfare benefits.

The

Truman Doctrine in 1947

pledged that the U.S would help Western European states threatened by Communist. This was prompted by the need to give aid to Greece and Turkey in response to communist threat. This was followed by the Marshall Plan in 1948 also known as the European Recovery Program

wherein the U.S. provided funds to Western European states in order to rebuild after WWII, financing extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure and stimulating an extended period of economic growth often referred to as the “economic miracle” which increased the economic and cultural importance of consumerism, especially for Western Germany.Post WWII elections ousted Conservative Tory leader Winston Churchill and brought in a Labour government for the first time led by PM Clement Attlee from 1945 to 1951, leading to a welfare state. The Labour government nationalized the Bank of England, the coal mines, electricity and gas, iron and steel. With an increase in taxation, it expanded the social insurance program guaranteeing full employment and national health insurance in what’s been called a “cradle to grave” social welfare program. This domestic spending was in part the reason for its inability to maintain its colony of India after WWII. This all came to an end in 1975 with the rise of Conservative/Tory PM Margaret Thatcher and her return to privatization of most of the British economy and cutbacks on the dole. Her view was that government welfare created dependency in people.

Key Concept 4.2, IV, A and B.Slide18

Decolonization after WWII - Asia

Key Concept 4.1, VII, C

Despite indigenous nationalist movements, independence for many African and Asian territories was delayed until the mid and even 20

th

century by the imperial powers’ reluctance to relinquish control, threats of interference from other nations, unstable economic and political systems and Cold war strategic alignments. The process of decolonization occurred over the course of the 20th century with varying degrees of cooperation, interference, or resistance from European imperialist states. Cooperation explains the Independence of India. The Indian National Congress (INC) had formed in 1885 with Gandhi and Nehru as leaders. The Muslim League was founded in 1906 with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as leader. British Labour Party granted independence after WWWII and India was well prepared to govern, aided by these nationalist leaders and the British trained Indian civil service. Britain granted two independence, India (Hindu populated) and Pakistan (Muslim populated). Kashmir was populated by Muslims but the prince a Hindu maharajah, joined India. Dispute over Kashmir remained ongoing between India and Pakistan. Indonesia was a Dutch colony until taken over by Japan in WWII. At the end of the war when the Japanese were ousted the Indonesian Nationalist leader Sukarno took over before the

Dutch could return, declaring Indonesia independent in 1947. Sukarno began with a parliamentary constitutional program but turned into a populist dictator cultivating friendships with the Soviet Union and Communist China. French Indochina which included Vietnam demanded independence.

Ho Chi Minh

head of the independence movement, the

Viet Minh

fought the Japanese back in 1941 mobilizing

guerrilla armies

. As a

nationalist, anti-colonialist and anti-Westerner

, he led

Communist

armies and fought the French armies in 1946 and later invaded South Vietnam by crossing the 17

th

parallel line, leading the U.S. to become involved in an attempt to

contain Communism

in S.E. Asia. Slide19

Decolonization after WWII - AfricaIn

French Northern Africa

, the Maghreb region included Morocco, Tunisia and

Algeria and Arab nationalism led to independence after WWII. Algeria had been colonized by France by the mid 19th century due to a decaying Ottoman Empire. The French implemented a policy of assimilation to French and European ways. The colons were French who had lived in Algeria for several generations and did not want Algerian independence. In 1954 the

National Liberation Front (FLN), an Arab nationalist group, began a fierce guerrilla war against the French. General Charles de Gaulle was sent in to stop it and the French army leaders were surprised when he arranged a cease-fire and negotiated autonomy and self-determination for the Algerians. In 1962 Algeria became independent. Following independence, many Algerians migrated to France to escape an Arab Muslims dominated government or for economic opportunities. In South Africa, descendants of white Dutch Calvinist immigrants that had arrived at Cape Town back in 1652, came to power in 1948. These white, descendants of the Dutch called themselves Afrikaaners. Once in power they put in place a policy known as apartheid which called for the separation or segregation of blacks from political life, landownership, housing and employment. Between 1950 and 1980 nonwhites in the cities were forced to leave white areas of residence and relocate. Nelson Mandela, the black leader of the African National Congress (ANC) was sentenced to prison in the 1960s. In 1989 President F.W. de Klerk led a reform program, in 1990 he freed Nelson Mandela and in 1991 he repealed all apartheid laws. In 1994 South Africa had its first democratic nonracial elections bringing Nelson Mandela and the ANC to power.

Key Concept 4.1, VII, C