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Slide1
Biological psychology
You will need your notebook and a pen when going through this handout so you can make notes and answer questions. You will also need the handouts given to you.Slide2
Watch the clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxGuNJ-nEYg
Answer these questions:
What
does this suggest about behaviour?
How does this link to the Biological approach
?Slide3
The Jim Twins
Watch the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qw3S35wGgT8
Answer these questions:
How does this support the biological approach?
What do you think this suggests about the role of nature vs nurture?Slide4
Study
Read the information on twin and family studies from the
pack
Answer the following
What is a meta analysis?
What would a perfect concordance rate be?Identify the IV and DV for the meta-analysisOutline two findings from the researchExplain how twin studies show that behaviour might be genetic (use examples from the meta analysis)Slide5
Answers
A meta- analysis combines the findings of independent studies
A perfect concordance rate would be 100%
IV- Environment that the child is raised in
DV- concordance rate of intelligence
4. The same person tested twice had a similar concordance rate to identical twins reared together.Biological siblings reared together had a lower concordance rate (47) than identical twins reared apart (72)5. Even though identical twins were reared apart they still had a higher concordance rate for intelligence than non identical twins and siblings reared together
Findings suggest there is a genetic component to intelligence but even when the same person was tested twice there was not a 100% concordance rate suggesting other factors might be involved. Slide6
Exam question
Have a go at answering this question
Rita and Holly are identical twins who were separated at birth. When they finally met each other at the age of 35, they were surprised at how different their personalities were. Rita is much more social and out-going than Holly.
Use your knowledge of genotypes and phenotypes to explain this difference in their personalities (4 marks)Slide7
Mark scheme
Holly and Rita have identical genotype as they are MZ twins.
They have the predisposition to develop the same personalities as each other unless
another
factor(s) intervenes.
For them to have developed different personalities over time, this must have been influenced by being in different environments. Their phenotypes – personalities achieved – are different, presumably because Rita was encouraged to be sociable and lively and Holly was not. Slide8
What you need to know
1. Biological Structures
Division of Nervous system
Function of Endocrine system
Fight or Flight
The Role of adrenalin2. Neurotransmitters Structure and function of sensory relay and motor neuronsProcess of synaptic transmission (neurotransmitters)Slide9
The Brain: facts
The average adult brain weighs about 3 pounds (1300-1400 grams)
Like snowflakes, no two human brains are exactly alike, although they do have common structures and configurations.
The brain is made up of many different structures
.
the cerebrum (top part of the brain) is divided in two hemispheres (hemisphere means ‘half a circle’ in latin)The left hemisphere and the right hemisphereThere are 4 lobes (frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital) each with their own function.Slide10
T
he
left hemisphere
in
most people,
is dominant for language, speech, writing, mathematics, and logical reasoning. The right hemisphere is dominant for music, spatial awareness, art, intuitive thought, and imagination. A bridge-shaped band of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum (which means ‘body of hardness’ in Latin) connects the two hemispheres. There are millions of nerve fibers in the adult human corpus callosum that send messages back and forth between the hemispheres.
The
nerve fibers in the
corpus callosum
allow the
hemispheres to
communicate with each other
.
Since
the two hemispheres have different and complementary functions, it is important for them to communicate for optimal mental performance. Slide11Slide12
The cortex is divided into four different lobes
Occipital
lobe
is primarily to do with the function of vision and is often referred to as the visual cortex
.
Temporal lobe is primarily to do with the function of hearing and is often referred to as the auditory cortex. Parietal lobe processes sensations from the skin and different muscles throughout the body. Frontal lobe is concerned with higher thought
processes
such as reasoning and abstract thinking. Slide13
The Brain can affect
B
ehaviour
Phineas Gage:
hard to evidence that the brain plays a part in behaviour without case studies of individuals who have suffered a brain injury.
Phineas Gage suffered an accident where a large rod was blasted through his skull and brain. He survived this ordeal but it was reported that his behaviour changed after the event. He became anti-social and ill-mannered.His friends said “Gage was no longer Gage.”Slide14
Handout - Activity 1
Complete Activity 1 on the worksheetSlide15
Central Nervous system: Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system: Transmits information to and from the central nervous system
Nervous system
Provides the biological basis of psychological experience
All our
thoughts
, movements, sensations and emotions are controlled by the nervous system. Slide16
Central nervous system
Concerned with all life functions and psychological processes
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Pivotal in transferring messages to and from their environment.
Centre at which all the physiology of the individual is controlled
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The vertebrae of the spine encase and protect the soft neural tissue of the spinal cord, just like the skull protects the brain.
Biological psychologists look to the brain for behaviour as most actions and reactions are generated from the CNSSlide17
Peripheral nervous system
Transmits information to and from the central nervous system
The
motor and sensory nerves running throughout the body make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
The PNS sends message to and from the CNS.
The CNS controls the body by sending messages that flow through the motor nerves to control muscles.
Sensory nerves relay messages about touch, pressure, temperature, pain, sound, vision, smell, and taste to the CNS.
Thus, motor nerve messages travel from the CNS out to the muscles in the body and sensory nerve messages travel from nerve endings in the body back in to the CNS. Slide18
Divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Two major divisions:
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous systemSlide19
Somatic nervous system
Interacts with the external environment
Conducts sensory signals to the CNS from external sensory receptors, e.g. from:
eyes
ears
touch receptors in the skinsensory receptors in joints and skeletal muscles
It conducts motor signals from the CNS to skeletal musclesSlide20
Autonomic nervous system
Participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment.
Conducts signals from sensory receptors in internal organs, e.g.
liver
Stomach
to the CNSSlide21
Handout - Activity
2
Using two different coloured pens, draw and label on the diagram the motor and sensory pathways of the peripheral nervous system. Slide22
Activity 3 The Endocrine System
Read the photocopied from the Green haired girl book
Make notes on the Endocrine system
Complete the handout questions
Handout - Activity 3: Endocrine systemSlide23
The nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
The central nervous
system
Spinal cord
Receives
and transmits information to and from the brain
Brain
Maintains life, involved in higher functions and psychological processes
Somatic nervous system
Transmits information to and from senses and to and from central nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system
Transmits information to and from internal organs to sustain life processes
Sympathetic nervous system
Generally increases bodily activities
Parasympathetic nervous system
Generally maintains or decreases
bodily
activities
Handout: Activity 4 Slide24
Inside the Brain -
NeuronsSlide25
Neuron (nerve cell)
These neurons carry signals electrically along their axon and chemically across a synapse.
A synapse is a gap between two neurons.
Neurons never touch so to communicate they send chemicals across the synapse and these are picked up by the other neuron.Slide26
Activity: create a neuron
Hold out your arm and spread your fingers. Your hand represents the "cell body" (also called the "
soma
”)
Your
fingers represent "dendrites" bringing information to the cell body.Your
arm represents the "
axon
" taking information away from the cell body
.
Your jumper/shirt represents the
myelin sheath
that
that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulsesSlide27
Handout - Activity
5
Label the diagram and state what each part of the neuron does. Slide28
Answers
Synapses:
Send electrical impulses to neighbouring neurons.
Myelin sheaths:
Cover the axon and work like insulation to help keep electrical signals inside the cell, which allows them to move more quickly.
Axon: Transfers electrical impulse signals from the cell body to the synapse. Soma: The cell body which contains most of the cell’s organelles Nucleus: Contains the cell’s DNA
Dendrites:
Receive electrical impulses from neighbouring neurons. Slide29
The Firing of a neuron and Synapse
Neuron sending the
chemical signal
Chemicals being released
into the synapse
Neuron picking up the chemical signalSlide30
Watch the video
Complete activity 6
Label the synaptic transmission diagram
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhowH0kb7n0Slide31
Quiz: test yourself on the following questionsSlide32
Another name for
a
“
nerve cell.
”Slide33
neuronSlide34
The part of the neuron that
brings information
to the cell body.Slide35
a
dendriteSlide36
The part of the neuron that
takes information
away from the cell body.Slide37
axonSlide38
The junction between
two neurons.Slide39
synapseSlide40
The explosion of electrical
activity sent down an
axon when a neuron
sends information.Slide41
action potentialSlide42
The weight of the adult
human brain.Slide43
3
pounds
or
1.4
kilogramsSlide44
The
two
main divisions
of the nervous system.Slide45
central
nervous system
and the
peripheral
nervous
systemSlide46
Area of the brain responsible for thought, language and planning.Slide47
cerebral cortexSlide48
Connects the right and left
hemispheres of the brain.Slide49
corpus callosumSlide50
Name of the man who
survived after an iron rod
went through the frontal
lobe of his brain in 1848.Slide51
Phineas Gage