p 410427 161 Minerals and Mineral Resources 162 Mineral Exploration and Mining 163 Mining Regulations and mine Reclamation 1162013 1 Mining Today httpwwwyoutubecomwatchvdvFSqVbZWnE ID: 694194
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Chapter 16 Mining and Mineral Resources" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Chapter 16 Mining and Mineral Resources
p. 410-42716.1 Minerals and Mineral Resources16.2 Mineral Exploration and Mining16.3 Mining Regulations and mine Reclamation
1/16/2013
1Slide2
Mining Today-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvFSqVbZWnE
Mining today is an international, multi-billion dollar business utilizing modern technologies and best practices for extraction and processing. In Canada alone there are now approximately 800 mining operations producing more than 60 minerals and metals.
Perhaps no other industry operates in as varied geographies and environments as mining. Many of these large multi-site complexes operate in remote territories, 365 days per year, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Utilizing both stationary and mobile heavy equipment, these subsurface and above ground mining operations typically involve a wide range of processing steps: from extraction, conveyance, crushing and grinding to feeding, screening, milling and refining.
http://www.acoustical-consultants.com/markets-requiring-acoustical-engineering/industrial-noise-and-vibration-control/mines-mills-smelters-environmental-assessment/
1/16/2013
2Slide3
1/16/2013
3Slide4
Key TermsMineral
Ore mineralSubsurface miningPlacer depositSmeltingSubsidenceReclamation
1/16/2013
4Slide5
16.1 Minerals and Mineral Resources
Key Questions Define the term mineralExplain the difference between a metal and a nonmetal, and give two examples of each
Describe three processes by which minerals formhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQB4Hwi4O-M
1/16/2013
5Slide6
What is a mineral?
Naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristics chemical composition, orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.Made up of atoms of a single element or of compoundsThe arrangement of the atoms, strength of the chemical bonds between them, determine the physical properties of minerals.
What is gold and how is it produced? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bM23MjclXVI
1/16/2013
6Slide7
What is a mineral?
Examples:Gold, silver copper are native elementsMost are compounds; quartz (made of silica, a cpd of 1 silicon atom and 2 oxygen atoms)
1/16/2013
7Slide8
Ore Minerals
Minerals that are valuable and economical to extract Contain elements that are economically valuableGangue (GANG) minerals- have no value need to be extracted from host rock
The price of the final product determined by the cost of the extraction and refining2 types:Metallic and nonmetallic
1/16/2013
8Slide9
Ore Minerals- Metallic Minerals
Metals that conduct electricityHave shiny surfacesAre opaqueNative elementsExamples: gold, silver, copper
1/16/2013
9Slide10
Ore Minerals- Nonmetallic
Good insulatorsShiny or dull surfacesAllow light to pass throughNative elements or compounds
1/16/2013
10Slide11
How Do Ore Minerals Form?
Depends on the environmentMetallic- form below ground when magma cools and hardens, form early in cooling process and sink to the lower part of the magma body because they are more dense
Making it difficult to mineHydrothermal SolutionsEvaporites
1/16/2013
11Slide12
Hydrothermal Solutions
Hot, subsurface waters that contain dissolved mineralsAs water flows through the cracks in rocks, they dissolve minerals they come in contact with New minerals crystallize out of these solutions and then fill fractures to form ore deposits called veins
(ores formed in cracks of rocks)We find many economically valuable deposits of metallic ores from this way http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3k7ITcKHAQ
1/16/2013
12Slide13
1/16/2013
13Slide14
Evaporites
As rivers and streams wash over land surfaces, they dissolve salts and carry them into the sea or inland latkesWhen the water evaporates, deposits of the salts called evaporites are left behindFrom in arid regions when rates of evaporation are highExamples: halite (rock salt) and
gypsymhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZTDF4RR6ewhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMPX4sPzFCY
1/16/2013
14Slide15
Mineral Resources and Their Uses
Economic and industrial importanceMalleableConductorsDurability or resistant to corrosion
Alloys- 2 or more metals combined, tend to have more desirable properties gypsum- construction, sheetrock, concrete
Industrial sand and gravel- glass, computer chipsJewelry
1/16/2013
15Slide16
16.2 Mineral Exploration and Mining
Describe the manner in which mining companies explore for new mineral depositsDescribe 3 methods of subsurface miningDefine placer deposit, and explain how placer deposits form.Describe the steps that take place in smelting an ore
1/16/2013
16Slide17
16.2 Mineral Exploration and Mining
New technologies changing the industryComputers used to to make models to show location of oresUsing satellites or airplane to find ore deposits underground
1/16/2013
17Slide18
ASTER satellite images (15m) of the Saline Valley area, California.
Each image displays data from a different spectral region, and illustrates the complementary nature of surface compositional information available as a function of wavelength. The LEFT image displays visible and near infrared bands 3, 2, and 1 in red, green, and blue (RGB). Vegetation appears red, snow and dry salt lakes are white, and exposed rocks are brown, gray, yellow and blue. Rock colors mainly reflect the presence of iron minerals, and variations in
albedo. The MIDDLE image displays short wavelength infrared bands 4, 6, and 8 as RGB. In this wavelength region, clay, carbonate, and sulfate minerals have diagnostic absorption features, resulting in distinct colors on the image. For example,
limestones are yellow-green, and purple areas are kaolinite-rich. The RIGHT image displays thermal infrared bands 13, 12 and 10 as RGB. In this wavelength region, variations in quartz content appear as more or less red; carbonate rocks are green, and
mafic volcanic rocks are purple. (Image credit: NASA/Japanese Space Team).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmGt2I-xeoA
1/16/2013
18Slide19
Mineral Exploration
Mineral deposit has 100 to 1000 times the concentration of the mineral than ordinary rocks rod and enough material to justify opening a mineExploration
- first step in finding an ore deposit - use of satellite images and photographs creating geological maps of the surface Analyze
– determine ore grade or the metal contend of an oreTest holes- if ore grade is high enough, will drill holes to to help estimate the 3D extent of the ore
Open the mine- only if the grade is high enough to to cover the cost of drilling
1/16/2013
19Slide20
Types of Mining
Subsurface Surface
PlacerSmelting
Undersea miningFracking
1/16/2013
20Slide21
1. Subsurface Mining
Ores that are 50m or more beneath the Earth’s surfaceUsed to extract coal and salt- room-and pillar mining (rooms are created and pillars are left until the
room is completed mined, then the pillars will be removed starting at the back of the mine)
Longwall Mining
Solution Mining
1/16/2013
21Slide22
1. Subsurface Mining
Longwall- machine called a shearer moves back and forth across the face of a coal seam. The wall of the seam is called the longwall
, can be more than 300m long. The coal is sheared from wall and drops into the conveyor. The use of hydraulic roof supports protect the miners and equipmenthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=649dZPCTD30
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8PFw_OAfuA
1/16/2013
22Slide23
1. Subsurface Mining
b. Solution- economical mining for soluble minerals ores like; potash, salt and sulfur
. Hot water is injected into the ore and dissolves it. Compressed air is then pumped into the dissolved ore, and air bubbles lift it to the surface
1/16/2013
23Slide24
2. Surface mining
Ore deposits are located close to Earth’s surfaceOpen pit mining- used for large quantities near surface (gold and copper)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUDdYGnoIwUOre is mined downward, layer by layerUse of explosives and haul trucks and then to leaching pads where chemicals are used to extract the ore
Surface coal mining
QuarryingSolar evaporation
1/16/2013
24Slide25
2. Surface mining
Surface coal mining- used to use horse drawn plows to remove rocks or the
overburden the area that covers the coalFirst remove and set aside the soil for later use
Remove the overburden with machines, about 50m wide and over a kilometer longRemove exposed coal
Refill the pit with overburden and soilhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ns_mgeTM7WI
1/16/2013
25Slide26
2. Surface mining
b. Quarrying- granite, limestone and Marble. Aggregates such as sand, gravel and crushed rock. As well as clay,
gypsum and talchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8ZkwK22hqI
1/16/2013
26Slide27
2. Surface mining
c. Solar evaporation- salt removal- placing sea water into shallow ponds, collecting it after water evaporates.
30% of worlds salthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVNEjxcMMmY
1/16/2013
27Slide28
3. Placer Mining
Placer deposits- minerals are concentrated by wind and water into surface depositsRock weathers and disintegrates the minerals are released and collect into water
Stream placers- most important, found in bends of rivers where current is not strong enough to carry the deposits.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65x89BNljpcCan form along coastlines that are concentrated by waves (heavy minerals)
Dredging- gold and diamonds, floating barge and buckets on conveyor are used to excavate the sedimenthttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB-dfM9bvuk
1/16/2013
28Slide29
1/16/2013
29Slide30
4. Smelting
Crushed ore is melted at high temperatures in furnaces to separate impurities from molten metalIn the furnace, flux
bonds with impurities and separates them from the molten metalThe desired molten metal falls to the bottom of the furnace and then recovered
The flux and impurities are less dense and form layer called slage on top of molten metal Sulfur dioxide gases is also produced and collected (does not get released into environment
)http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6uFAv9L734
1/16/2013
30Slide31
5. Undersea mining
Diamonds, gold, silver, mineral ores, sand and gravel can be found in the bottom of the ocean.Companies have tired to mine since 1950’s varying degree of successToo expensive and largely unsuccessful to datehttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjin3vB0csk
1/16/2013
31Slide32
6. Fracking
Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer
, by a pressurized fluid. Some hydraulic fractures form naturally—certain veins or dikes
are examples—and can create conduits along which gas and petroleum from
source rocks may migrate to reservoir rocks.
Induced hydraulic fracturing or
hydrofracturing
, commonly known as fracing,
fraccing, or fracking, is a technique used to release petroleum,
natural gas
(including
shale gas
,
tight gas
, and
coal seam gas
), or other substances for extraction.
This type of fracturing creates fractures from a
wellbore
drilled into reservoir rock formations.
The first use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947 but the modern fracturing technique, called horizontal
slickwater
fracturing, that made the extraction of shale gas economical was first used in 1998 in the
Barnett Shale
in Texas.
The energy from the injection of a highly pressurized hydraulic fracturing fluid creates new channels in the rock, which can increase the extraction rates and ultimate recovery of
hydrocarbons
.
http://www.democracynow.org/2013/1/4/is_fracking_safe_debate_on_controversial
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEB_Wwe-uBM
1/16/2013
32Slide33
1/16/2013
33Slide34
16.3 Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation
Describe 7 important potential environmental consequences of miningName 4 federal laws that relate to mining and reclaiming mined landDefine the term reclamationDescribe 2 ways in which state governments regulate mining
1/16/2013
34Slide35
Mining Regulations and Mine Reclamation
Due to the impact to the environment mining has become the most regulated industries in the USCompanies must reclaim the land or return it to its original condition after mining is completedPlan must be in place prior to mining
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zEAicSEBME
1/16/2013
35Slide36
The Environmental Impacts of Mining
Spending billions to clean up abandoned minesAir and noise pollution
Water contaminationDisplacement of wildlife
Erosion and sedimentationSoil degradation
SubsidenceUnderground mine
fires
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxF9l6bedZU
1/16/2013
36Slide37
1. Air and Noise Pollution
Surface mines create noise and air pollution Most surface mines are not located near urban populationsRegulations in the US forbid mining operations to allow dust or noise to exit that are that is being mined
1/16/2013
37Slide38
2. Water Contamination
Can pick up dissolved toxic substances (arsenic), can seep into streams and kill the aquatic lifeAcid mine drainage, AMD- byproduct of mining coal, sulfur mixes with water to for sulfuric acidhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4qVUR9avAU
1/16/2013
38Slide39
3. Displacement of Wildlife
By removing the top layer of soil you also remove the plant lifeAnimals will then move to different areasAfter land is returned new species of plants and animals may establish themselves creating a new ecosystemDredging can change the bottoms of aquatic ecosystems
1/16/2013
39Slide40
4. Erosion and Sedimentation
Excess rocks are dumped into large piles called dumpsRain water will erode unprotected dumps and transfers the sediments to new locationsCan impact water systems (fill)
1/16/2013
40Slide41
5. Soil Degradation
Making sure that you do not mix the layers to cause depletion of the soilCan expose other elements like sulfur and can mix with water and oxygen causing the soil to be acidic making it difficult for plant life to grow
1/16/2013
41Slide42
6. Subsidence
http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nbcnews.com/50027029#50027029
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF3ncFY_sYo
Sinking of regions of the ground with little or no horizontal movement, sink holes
Created due to mines that collapse
Do not know where many abandoned mines are located
1/16/2013
42Slide43
7. Underground Mine Fires
Fires that start underground at coal seams Most serious environmental consequenceDifficult to put out and are often just left to burn out on their ownSmoke and gasses can cause respiratory problemshttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdPKI0IZ3Jo
1/16/2013
43Slide44
Mining Regulating and Reclamation
Regulated by federal and state lawsClean Eater Act and Safe Drinking Water ActComprehensive Response Compensation and Liability
Act- regulates the release of hazardous substances into the air, soil, and water by mining.Endangered
species actSurface Mining Controls and Reclamation Act of
1977- sets standards to minimize the surface effects of coal mining on the environment.
Reclamation
- return land to original state or better
1/16/2013
44Slide45
State Regulation of Mining
Regulated on state and private landsMust have a permit from state before you can mine; must have mine design and reclamation Bond forfeiture program- must post funds in a form of a bond before mining can begin; if mining not done per the permit/ reclamation must give money to the state; state uses the money then to reclaim the site
State will also monitor the site and apply fines if not following ordnance
1/16/2013
45Slide46
Marcellus Shale, PAhttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5QqidiEEHw&list=PL062539BFB8A2B2D4&index=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kbA2LM61KE
1/16/2013
46