GTAC Learning Outcomes Students recognise that there are different levels of classification the largest being the five kingdoms which are based on cell structure Distinguishing plant cells from animal or fungal cells ID: 243726
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Slide1
Excursion: Zooming on Cells
GTACSlide2
Learning Outcomes
Students recognise that there are different levels of classification – the largest being the five kingdoms which are based on cell structure.
Distinguishing plant cells from animal or fungal cells.
Students compare and contrast the structure of a typical animal cell with the structure of a typical animal cell with the structure of a typical plant cell.
Reflect on the method used to investigate a question or solve a problem, including evaluating the quality of the data collected, and identify improvements to the method
(ACSIS146)
Identify organelles within cells (nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuole, plants: chloroplasts, chlorophyll, cell wall) and describing their function.
Organisms consist of one cell only (they are unicellular); while other organisms consist of many cells (they are multicellular).
Identify questions and problems that can be investigated scientifically and make predictions based on scientific knowledge
(ACSIS139)
Communicate ideas, findings and solutions to problems using scientific language and representations using digital technologies as appropriate
(ACSIS148)
Use scientific knowledge and findings from investigations to evaluate claims
(ACSIS234)Slide3
CELL THEORY
Cell theory states that:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are ALIVE and are the basic units of function and organisation in organisms.
3. All cells come from other cells.Slide4
Cell Theory cont’d.
What does alive/living mean – what distinguishes living from non-living things?
Highly organised
Obtain energy from surroundings
Change with time
Respond to their environment
Ability to reproduceSlide5
CELL STRUCTURE - AN INTRODUCTION
There is a major division in the living world, between organisms that are internally organised into membrane-bound compartments and those that lack such organisation.
What are these two types of organism called?
Examples?Slide6
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES (pro = before, karyon = nucleus)
Size range: Generally 0.2 – 5.0
m, Single Celled Organisms
Features:
Plasma membrane
Mesosome
Flagella and Pilli
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Capsule
Prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes. Why?Slide7
Figure 4-3 Structure of a Typical Bacterial CellSlide8
PROKARYOTES
Cell Wall:
Is a stiff
non-living wall
that surrounds the cell membrane made of
cellulose
Cytoplasm
:
Jelly-like material surrounding the
organelles
Chloroplasts
:
Involved
in photosynthesis
Vacuoles:
Store
waste, nutrients, and
water
Chlorophyll:
This is very important in making the food for plant. This structure takes in sunlight and makes sugar or the plat to eat and become green. Slide9
EUKARYOTES
Have a true
NUCLEUS
and membrane-bound
ORGANELLES
.
Sizes: 10 - 100
m
Features of eukaryotes:
a.
Plasma membrane (very similar to prokaryotes)
b.
High degree of organisation
-
COMPARTMENTALISATION.
This is a key feature that distinguishes eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells.
What does compartmentalisation mean?
How is it achieved?
Slide10
COMPARTMENTS IN EUKARYOTES
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLGI APPARATUS
MITOCHONDRION
LYSOSOME
PEROXISOME
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLESlide11
EUKARYOTES cont’d.
c.
Ribosomes
: Non-membranous organelles (similar in pro- and eukaryotes).
d.
Cytoskeleton
(found only in eukaryotes).
e.
Cilia and flagella
(cilia are found only in eukaryotes; flagella are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes but they are TOTALLY DIFFERENT structurally).
f.
Glycocalyx or cell wall
(the bacterial cell wall is TOTALLY DIFFERENT to the structures that surround eukaryotic cells)
g.
Multicellularity
(Not found in prokaryotes)
Why are the advantages of multicellularity? Slide12
Figure 4-5 A Typical Animal CellSlide13
Figure 4-6 A Typical Plant CellSlide14
Table 4-1 A Comparison of Some Properties of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells