Department of Economics Bapatla College of Arts amp Science a Surface Irrigation Just flooding water About 90 of the irrigated areas in the world are by this method b Sprinkler Irrigation ID: 323124
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Slide1
Irrigation in India
Department of EconomicsBapatla College of Arts & ScienceSlide2
a) Surface Irrigation:
Just flooding water. About 90% of the irrigated areas in the world are by this method.
b) Sprinkler Irrigation:
Applying water under pressure. About 5 % of the irrigated areas are by this method.c) Drip or Trickle Irrigation: Applying water slowly to the soil ideally at the same rate with crop consumption.d) Sub-Surface Irrigation: Flooding water underground and allowing it to come up by capillarity to crop roots.
IRRIGATION METHODS Slide3
History of Indian irrigation: Three Phases and a Turning Point.
Since 1975, Indian agriculture has emerged as the world’s largest user of groundwater to grow food and fibre.
The groundwater boom is fired by population pressure on land and demands of intensive diversification of farming.
India and Pakistan together lost over 5 million ha of canal irrigated areas; tubewells are canibalizing flow irrigation.Investing in flow irrigation under BAU is throwing good money after bad. India’s irrigation challenge is one of managing its sub-continental aquifer systems, a vast reservoir we have left unmanaged.HighlightsSlide4
Community was the unit of irrigation management
Evolution of Indian Irrigation:
Era of adaptive irrigation-upto 1830
Rainfall and Soil moisture
Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers
Lift irrigation from wells and surface sources
% of water consumptively used in agriculture
% Contribution to aggregate
Farm output and incomesSlide5
State emerged as the architect, builder, manager of irrigation
Evolution of Indian Irrigation:
Era of canal construction-1830-1970
Soil moisture management
Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers
Lift irrigation from wells & surface sources
% water consumptively used in agriculture
% Contribution to aggregate
Farm output and incomesSlide6
Individual farmer as the irrigation manager
Evolution of Indian Irrigation:
Era of atomistic pump irrigation-1970-todate
Soil moisture management
Flow irrigation
Pump irrigation from wells, tubewells, canals
% of water consumptively used in agriculture
% Contribution
To Farm output & incomesSlide7
India is the world’s largest user
of groundwater in agriculture in the world.
India has over 20 million irrigation wells. We add 0.8 million/year.
Every fourth cultivator owns an irrigation well; non-owners depend on groundwater markets.Slide8
Kharif
Rabi
pump
flow
pump
flow
cereals
64.3
36.1
77.8
22.2
pulses
68.6
31.4
66.3
33.7
oilseeds
78.8
21.2
72.7
27.3
mixed crops
90.9
9.1
67.7
32.3
sugarcane
81.9
18.1
86
14
other crops
65.5
34.5
82.8
17.2
vegetables
67.4
32.6
74.9
26.1
fruit and nuts
81.9
18.1
83.9
16.1
plantation
72.7
27.3
72.9
27.1
fibre crops70.4
70.4
29.6
86.513.5fodder79.720.386.913.1other crops84.715.359.241.8all693176.523.5
National Sample Survey, 2003, 59th round:Proportion of area under different irrigated crops Served by pump and flow irrigation
Groundwater share in irrigatedAreas 70% and rising
Govt. numbersSuggest 60%Irrigated areasDepend on GW, But…Slide9
Pump irrigation expansion is driven
by population pressure on farm lands..
60% of tubewells in use
Were made during the1990’s; numbers are Still accelerating..Throughout the world, intensive groundwater irrigation is a response to water scarcity.
Not in South Asia.
Here, it is a response to scarcity of farm lands.
The rise of a ‘water-scavenging’ irrigation economy..Slide10
Minor Irrigation Census 2001:
Districts with high rural population density
experience intensive well irrigationSlide11
Canal and tank irrigated areas condemned to low-value crops unresponsive to precision irrigation.
Much diversification is
Occurring outside
Command areas (IFPRI).Much diversification Requires small dozes ofYear-round, on-demandIrrigation.Value added farming Will expand withWaste-water irrigation andGroundwater.
Our irrigation planning is preoccupied with food grains;
Indian farmer is diversifying in a hurry.Slide12
Area irrigated by public canals are stagnant
despite growing investment in public irrigation.Slide13
Pump irrigation is cannibalizing flow irrigation.
Irrigation systems are unable to
Support groundwater irrigation
This process has gatheredMomentum since 1995Throughout South Asia, surface irrigation is giving
Way to pump irrigation. India, Pakistan and B’desh
Lost 5.5 m ha of surface irrigation during 1994-2001Slide14
Mismatch between ground and surface irrigation in India:
578 districts covered by Minor Irrigation Cesus 2001 (GoI 2005)
Line of hydrologic equilibrium
For sustainable irrigation, conjunctive management
of ground and surface water is essential.
Effective conjunctive management
Means more well irrigation in command
Areas.
In Indian districts, the situation is the opposite.
Only 12% of India’s wells are
In command areas; and this
Proportion is dropping
every yearSlide15
Recognize and respond to the new reality. Government’s role as irrigation provider is no longer the most critical.
Investing in surface irrigation is throwing good money after bad..
Irrigation reforms around PIM are doomed to failure because flow irrigation itself is ebbing..
Irrigation Department’s mission statement needs to be rewritten.Implications: 1Wake up to new realities.Slide16
Surface water dams deliver 150 km3/year;
aquifer system delivers 220 km3/year which is far more productive.
Managing the sub-continental system of aquifers ought to be India’s top priority; but this is nobody’s concern.
India gets 4000 km3 of precipitation; we use220 km3 of groundwater. Nature itself puts 4-10% of rainfall into aquifers. If we focus recharge effort at the right places, sustaining groundwater irrigation is possible. The challenge is to increase recharge in arid areas (north-west) and hardrock aquifers (peninsular India).
Implications: 2
Groundwater recharge is
the game we must master.Slide17
We need new institutional models to arrest erosion of public irrigation commands.
What Indian farmer demands is on-farm water he can scavenge at will for high frequency precision-irrigation; wells will always score on canals and tanks.
Rajasthan’s program of lined farm ponds on Indira Gandhi Nahar Yojana: canal water fill up the pond every 21 days; farmer run sprinklers with it.
Gujarat government’s new scheme to create local irrigation entrepreneurs who will lay drip-irrigation infrastructure and operate an irrigation service from public canals.Maharashtra’s experiments in Northern Krishna basin. Implications :3
Reinvent surface irrigation management.Slide18
Accelerate agricultural diversification
Embrace and propagate water saving farming systems: aerobic rice, System of Rice Intensification,Zero-tillage, alternate wet-and-dry irrigation.
Reform micro-irrigation subsidies that shrink drip-and-sprinkler equipment market instead of expanding it.
Implications: 4high crop/dropSlide19
Evolve a
practical, implementable tool-kit for groundwater management.
Groundwater laws are unenforceable; pricing is impractial; GW Authority’s writ does not run in the country-side.
Indirect instruments: Punjab’s experiment with electricity supply and rice procurement schedules to shift rice transplanting.Gujarat’s Jyotirgram Yojana of rationing quality power to farmers for irrigation; Implications: 5Practical strategy for groundwater managementSlide20
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