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Irrigation in India Irrigation in India

Irrigation in India - PowerPoint Presentation

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Irrigation in India - PPT Presentation

Department of Economics Bapatla College of Arts amp Science a Surface Irrigation Just flooding water About 90 of the irrigated areas in the world are by this method b Sprinkler Irrigation ID: 323124

water irrigation surface groundwater irrigation water groundwater surface management indian flow areas india farm irrigated canals pump wells agriculture

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Slide1

Irrigation in India

Department of EconomicsBapatla College of Arts & ScienceSlide2

a) Surface Irrigation:

Just flooding water. About 90% of the irrigated areas in the world are by this method.

b) Sprinkler Irrigation:

Applying water under pressure. About 5 % of the irrigated areas are by this method.c) Drip or Trickle Irrigation: Applying water slowly to the soil ideally at the same rate with crop consumption.d) Sub-Surface Irrigation: Flooding water underground and allowing it to come up by capillarity to crop roots.

IRRIGATION METHODS Slide3

History of Indian irrigation: Three Phases and a Turning Point.

Since 1975, Indian agriculture has emerged as the world’s largest user of groundwater to grow food and fibre.

The groundwater boom is fired by population pressure on land and demands of intensive diversification of farming.

India and Pakistan together lost over 5 million ha of canal irrigated areas; tubewells are canibalizing flow irrigation.Investing in flow irrigation under BAU is throwing good money after bad. India’s irrigation challenge is one of managing its sub-continental aquifer systems, a vast reservoir we have left unmanaged.HighlightsSlide4

Community was the unit of irrigation management

Evolution of Indian Irrigation:

Era of adaptive irrigation-upto 1830

Rainfall and Soil moisture

Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers

Lift irrigation from wells and surface sources

% of water consumptively used in agriculture

% Contribution to aggregate

Farm output and incomesSlide5

State emerged as the architect, builder, manager of irrigation

Evolution of Indian Irrigation:

Era of canal construction-1830-1970

Soil moisture management

Flow irrigation from tanks, canals, rivers

Lift irrigation from wells & surface sources

% water consumptively used in agriculture

% Contribution to aggregate

Farm output and incomesSlide6

Individual farmer as the irrigation manager

Evolution of Indian Irrigation:

Era of atomistic pump irrigation-1970-todate

Soil moisture management

Flow irrigation

Pump irrigation from wells, tubewells, canals

% of water consumptively used in agriculture

% Contribution

To Farm output & incomesSlide7

India is the world’s largest user

of groundwater in agriculture in the world.

India has over 20 million irrigation wells. We add 0.8 million/year.

Every fourth cultivator owns an irrigation well; non-owners depend on groundwater markets.Slide8

Kharif

Rabi

pump

flow

pump

flow

cereals

64.3

36.1

77.8

22.2

pulses

68.6

31.4

66.3

33.7

oilseeds

78.8

21.2

72.7

27.3

mixed crops

90.9

9.1

67.7

32.3

sugarcane

81.9

18.1

86

14

other crops

65.5

34.5

82.8

17.2

vegetables

67.4

32.6

74.9

26.1

fruit and nuts

81.9

18.1

83.9

16.1

plantation

72.7

27.3

72.9

27.1

fibre crops70.4

70.4

29.6

86.513.5fodder79.720.386.913.1other crops84.715.359.241.8all693176.523.5

National Sample Survey, 2003, 59th round:Proportion of area under different irrigated crops Served by pump and flow irrigation

Groundwater share in irrigatedAreas 70% and rising

Govt. numbersSuggest 60%Irrigated areasDepend on GW, But…Slide9

Pump irrigation expansion is driven

by population pressure on farm lands..

60% of tubewells in use

Were made during the1990’s; numbers are Still accelerating..Throughout the world, intensive groundwater irrigation is a response to water scarcity.

Not in South Asia.

Here, it is a response to scarcity of farm lands.

The rise of a ‘water-scavenging’ irrigation economy..Slide10

Minor Irrigation Census 2001:

Districts with high rural population density

experience intensive well irrigationSlide11

Canal and tank irrigated areas condemned to low-value crops unresponsive to precision irrigation.

Much diversification is

Occurring outside

Command areas (IFPRI).Much diversification Requires small dozes ofYear-round, on-demandIrrigation.Value added farming Will expand withWaste-water irrigation andGroundwater.

Our irrigation planning is preoccupied with food grains;

Indian farmer is diversifying in a hurry.Slide12

Area irrigated by public canals are stagnant

despite growing investment in public irrigation.Slide13

Pump irrigation is cannibalizing flow irrigation.

Irrigation systems are unable to

Support groundwater irrigation

This process has gatheredMomentum since 1995Throughout South Asia, surface irrigation is giving

Way to pump irrigation. India, Pakistan and B’desh

Lost 5.5 m ha of surface irrigation during 1994-2001Slide14

Mismatch between ground and surface irrigation in India:

578 districts covered by Minor Irrigation Cesus 2001 (GoI 2005)

Line of hydrologic equilibrium

For sustainable irrigation, conjunctive management

of ground and surface water is essential.

Effective conjunctive management

Means more well irrigation in command

Areas.

In Indian districts, the situation is the opposite.

Only 12% of India’s wells are

In command areas; and this

Proportion is dropping

every yearSlide15

Recognize and respond to the new reality. Government’s role as irrigation provider is no longer the most critical.

Investing in surface irrigation is throwing good money after bad..

Irrigation reforms around PIM are doomed to failure because flow irrigation itself is ebbing..

Irrigation Department’s mission statement needs to be rewritten.Implications: 1Wake up to new realities.Slide16

Surface water dams deliver 150 km3/year;

aquifer system delivers 220 km3/year which is far more productive.

Managing the sub-continental system of aquifers ought to be India’s top priority; but this is nobody’s concern.

India gets 4000 km3 of precipitation; we use220 km3 of groundwater. Nature itself puts 4-10% of rainfall into aquifers. If we focus recharge effort at the right places, sustaining groundwater irrigation is possible. The challenge is to increase recharge in arid areas (north-west) and hardrock aquifers (peninsular India).

Implications: 2

Groundwater recharge is

the game we must master.Slide17

We need new institutional models to arrest erosion of public irrigation commands.

What Indian farmer demands is on-farm water he can scavenge at will for high frequency precision-irrigation; wells will always score on canals and tanks.

Rajasthan’s program of lined farm ponds on Indira Gandhi Nahar Yojana: canal water fill up the pond every 21 days; farmer run sprinklers with it.

Gujarat government’s new scheme to create local irrigation entrepreneurs who will lay drip-irrigation infrastructure and operate an irrigation service from public canals.Maharashtra’s experiments in Northern Krishna basin. Implications :3

Reinvent surface irrigation management.Slide18

Accelerate agricultural diversification

Embrace and propagate water saving farming systems: aerobic rice, System of Rice Intensification,Zero-tillage, alternate wet-and-dry irrigation.

Reform micro-irrigation subsidies that shrink drip-and-sprinkler equipment market instead of expanding it.

Implications: 4high crop/dropSlide19

Evolve a

practical, implementable tool-kit for groundwater management.

Groundwater laws are unenforceable; pricing is impractial; GW Authority’s writ does not run in the country-side.

Indirect instruments: Punjab’s experiment with electricity supply and rice procurement schedules to shift rice transplanting.Gujarat’s Jyotirgram Yojana of rationing quality power to farmers for irrigation; Implications: 5Practical strategy for groundwater managementSlide20

THANK YOU