Lecture # 15: The Skeletal System-1 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Lecture # 15: The Skeletal System-1

(Chapter 8)

Objectives:

1- Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.

2- Describe the general structure and components of the vertebral column.

3- Describe the criteria used to classify joints structurally and functionally.

4- Describe the anatomical features common to all synovial joints, the six types of synovial joints, and the movements allowed at each type.

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Costal facets

Projections that help to form joints:

Head of the femur

Head of the humerus

Condyles

Anatomical Features (markings) of Bones

Process: Any bony prominence

Olecranon process

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Linea

aspera

Condyle

Epicondyle

Trochanters

Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment:

Spine of scapula

Tibial

tuberosity

Anterior crest

Lesser

tubercle

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Frontal sinus

Hypophyseal Fossa

Depressions:

Superior orbital

fissure

Infraorbital foramen

Auditory canal

Fovea: A small pit

Alveolus: A pit or socket (tooth socket)

Alveolus

Passages and cavities:

Canal: A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

Meatus: An opening into a canal

Fovea

capitis

Internal

acoustic meatus

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Skeleton

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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Axial Skeleton

Skull

Vertebral column

Thoracic or rib cage

Hyoid bone

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Cranial and Facial Bones

Parietal bone

Frontal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Nasal bone

Lacrimal bone

Mandible

Sphenoid bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Squamous suture

Lambdoid

suture

Zygomatic process

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular condyle

Coronal suture

Temporal process

Mental foramen

Squamous

Region

Sagittal

suture

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CRANIAL BONES

FACIAL BONES

FRONTAL BONE

Coronal suture

SPHENOID BONE

Squamous suture

PARIETAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

Styloid process

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Mandibular condyle

ETHMOID BONE

MANDIBLE

NASAL BONE

LACRIMAL BONE

ZYGOMATIC BONE

MAXILLA

OCCIPITAL BONE

Mandibular fossa

Lateral view

Zygomatic process

Cranial and Facial Bones

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Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Sphenoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Middle

nasal concha

Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid

Vomer

Mandible

Zygomatic bone

Inferior

nasal concha

Supraorbital margin

Supraorbital foramen

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla

Mental foramen

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Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Nasal septum

Middle nasal concha

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Alveolar process of maxilla

Alveolar process of mandible

Septal cartilage

Mental foramen

Supra-orbital foramen

Infra-orbital foramen

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FRONTAL BONE

Anterior view

CRANIAL BONES

FACIAL BONES

MAXILLA

VOMER

MANDIBLE

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

LACRIMAL BONE

ETHMOID BONE

SPHENOID BONE

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA

ZYGOMATIC BONE

NASAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

PARIETAL BONE

Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid)

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Cribriform plate

of

ethmoid bone

Hypophyseal fossa

Sella

turcica

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Crista

galli

of

ethmoid

bone

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Foramen magnum

Occipital bone

Petrous region

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Interior view

Foramen magnum

Crista

galli

of

e

thmoid

bone

Hypophyseal fossa

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Optic foramina

SPHENOID BONE

OCCIPITAL BONE

Petrous region of temporal bone

Sella

turcica

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Palatine process

of maxilla

Palatine bone

Foramen magnum

Lambdoid

suture

Zygomatic bone

Temporal process

Zygomatic process

Zygomatic arch

Vomer

Hard (bonny) palate

Mandibular fossa

Sphenoid bone

Styloid process

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Occipital

condyles

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Hard (bonny) palate

OCCIPITAL BONE

TEMPORAL BONE

Inferior view

Palatine process of maxilla

PALATINE BONE

VOMER BONE

Mandibular fossa

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Occipital condyles

Foramen magnum

External acoustic meatus

Temporal process

Zygomatic process

Zygomatic arch

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4- Provides attachments for limbs thoracic cage, and postural muscles

Vertebra Column

Functions:

1- Supports the skull and trunk, and allows for their movement

2- Protects the spinal cord

3- Absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting

Cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Cervical curvature

Thoracic curvature

Lumbar curvature

Pelvic curvature

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Scoliosis:

It is an abnormal lateral curvature, due to a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae. It is the most common, usually in thoracic region. It is particularly frequent in adolescent girls

Kyphosis

(hunchback): It is an exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weightlifting in young boys

Lordosis

(swayback): It is an exaggerated lumbar curvature. It is from pregnancy or obesity

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

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Cervical

region

(7 vertebrae)

Thoracic region (12 vertebrae)

Lumbar region (5 vertebrae)

Sacral region (5 vertebrae)

E. The Vertebral

Column

Lateral view

C7

T1

T12

L1

L5

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

Intervertebral

discs (fibrocartilage)

Intervertebral foramina

Coccyx

Sacrum

Coccygeal region (3 or 4 vertebrae)

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Spinous process

Body

Anterior

Posterior

Superior articular

facet

Transverse

process

Vertebral foramen

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Axis of rotation

Dens

Axis

Atlas

Transverse

ligament

Atlantoaxial joint (pivot joint)

Superior articular

facet ( articulates with the occipital condyle)

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Occipital condyles

Occipital

Parietal

Parietal

Occipital

Parietal

Parietal

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Vertebral foramen

Body

Cervical Vertebra

Superior view

Lateral view

Spinous process

Transverse foramen

Spinous process

Body

Bifid tip of spinous process

Transverse foramen

Transverse process

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Vertebral foramen

Transverse costal facet

for tubercle of rib

Body

Body

Superior view

Lateral view

Spinous process

Superior costal facet

for head of rib

Superior costal facet

for head of rib

Inferior costal facet

for head of rib

Spinous process

Thoracic

Vertebra

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Vertebral foramen

Body

Body

Superior view

Lateral view

Spinous process

Transverse process

Spinous process

Lumbar

Vertebra

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Superior view

Lateral view

Thoracic (12)

Cervical (7)

Lumbar (5)

A comparison of vertebrae from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions

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Intervertebral foramina are passageways for spinal nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord

Intervertebral foramina

Vertebral foramen

Transverse foramina

Together, the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the vertebral canal , which encloses the spinal cord

Transverse foramina of

cervical

vertebrae are passageways for vertebral artery (and vein, no shown)

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Anterior view

Posterior view

Sacrum and Coccyx

Coccyx

Sacrum

(Fused components of 5 vertebrae)

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

Coccyx

(3 to 5

coccygeal

vertebrae)

Superior articular processes

It articulates with the last lumbar vertebra (L5)

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1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

T1

They are connected to the sternum by separated costal cartilages

True or vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 1-7)

False ribs (ribs 8-12)

T12

L1

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

7

7

6

Floating ribs

Floating ribs

Floating or vertebral (11,12)

Costal cartilages

12

12

11

11

10

10

The

Thoracic Cage

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The Sternum

Anterior view

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

Jugular notch

Sternal angle

It articulates with the sternal end of the scapula