Sleep stages Stage 1 Hallucinations Stage 2 Sleep spindles Stage 3 Transitional sleep Stage 4 Deep sleep Sleep cycle There is a five stage cycle Repeats every 90 minutes REM sleep REM increases as night progresses ID: 504261
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Slide1
Sleeping
Sleep stages:
Stage 1- Hallucinations
Stage 2- Sleep spindles
Stage 3- Transitional sleep
Stage 4- Deep sleepSlide2
Sleep cycle
There is a five stage cycle
Repeats every 90 minutes
REM sleep
REM increases as night progresses Slide3
Sleep needs and deprivation
Sleep needs in age groups:
Newborns will sleep 6 to 8 times in a 24 hour period (more than 16 hours per day
6 year old child needs up to 11 or 12 hours of sleep per night
As the child grows up they need less and less sleep until they are an
adult
only needing 7-7.5 hours of sleep per night (they may need even less as they get older.
During a whole lifetime we need about 1 hour of sleep to every 2 hours we are awake.Slide4
Sleep and memory
When learning a difficult perceptual task and are kept up all night after finishing practicing the task, the learning is wiped out
Sleep after learning is essential for memory consolidation
The memory normally deteriorates unless sleep occurs.
**Pulling an all
nighter
to study for an exam is not the best option because the information being
learned
will not stick in your memory**
* EXTREME SLEEP LOSS CAN BE FATAL!!Slide5
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Sleep
deprivation can have a detrimental effect even on the healthiest of young people; it can cause an increase in irritability, reduce acuity and reaction time, and increase depression. People who do not get enough sleep are also more prone to accident and injury. Slide6
REM SLEEP AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Memory problems and excessive aggression are observed in both humans and rats when awakened whenever the REM activity starts.Slide7
SLEEP DISORDERS
Medication: People use sleep medication to help with Insomnia but this is not always a benefit
Most sleeping pills are addictive
Sedatives can interfere with the normal sleep
cycle
Reduce the proportions of time spent in REM and slow-wave sleep
Grogginess and irritability during the day
Stopping the treatment to abruptly can cause insomnia worse than before.Slide8
Disorders
Insomnia: Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
About 15% of adults suffer from severe insomnia
About 15% of adults suffer from a mild case of insomnia
Causes for insomnia include anxiety associated with stressful life events.
Sleep Paralysis: The experience of waking up unable to move
Associated with narcolepsy
Only lasts a few moments and can cause pressure on the chestSlide9
Disorders cont.
Sleep Apnea: Disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep.
Occurs most often in middle-aged, overweight men
Snoring and noisy gasping for air are some signs of sleep apnea
Usually this disorder goes undiagnosed because it is easy for the sleeper to not notice.
Sleep may seek treatment because of excessive sleepiness during the day.
Some treatment include weight loss, drugs, or external breathing aidsSlide10
Disorders cont.
Somnambulism (Sleepwalking): Person arises and walks around while asleep. Common
in children around the age of 11 or 12
25% of children experience at least one episode
Sleepwalking happens early in the night usually during slow-wave sleep, and sleepwalkers may awaken during their walk or return to their bed without waking.
Sleepwalker will usually not remember the sleep walk the following morning
The eyes of the sleepwalker are usually open and glossed over when walking occurs.
The only problem is the physical harm that can come to the sleepwalker by tripping over objects or falling down stairs
.
It is safe to wake a sleepwalker or lead them back to their bed if necessary.Slide11
The last of disorders
Narcolepsy: A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.
Attacks can last from 30 seconds to 30 minutes depending on the individual
Is hereditary and runs in
families and can be treated effectively by medication
Night terrors (Sleep terrors): Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. Usually occurs in boys ages 3-7
Occur during NREM or at the beginning of sleep cycle and dreams are not associated with night terrorsSlide12
DreamingSlide13
“Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be quietly and safely insane every night of our lives.”-William C. Dement (1959)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
z2BgjH_CtIASlide14
5 Major characteristics
1. We feel emotion
2. Dream thought is illogical
3. Sensation is formed and is meaningful
4. Dreaming occurs with uncritical acceptance
5. Difficulty remembering the dream after it is overSlide15
Dream theories
Sigmund Freud
Dreams are confusing and obscure. Dynamic unconscious creates them to be confusing and obscure.
They represent wishes and some are unacceptable, taboo and anxiety producing
-Problem: infinite number of interpretations of any dream
-BUT evidence that dreams do feature the return of suppressed thoughts.Slide16
Dream theories cont.
Hobson and
McCarley
1977
Activation-synthesis model: dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep.
In the dream state mind does not have access to external sensations. The information is from neural activations without perception of reality.
The interpretive mechanisms of the brain can run free!Slide17Slide18
Dreaming Brain
Different brain areas show activation during REM sleep.
Brain area responsible for fear or emotion work overtime in dreams. For example the amygdala (responses of stressed or threatening events) is quite active during REM
Areas responsible for visual perception are NOT activated, but visual association in the occipital lobe is activatedSlide19
The brain cont.
During REM sleep:
Prefrontal cortex shows less activity
The eyes move rapidly but the body is very still, so motor cortex activated but spinal neurons inhibit expression of motor activationSlide20Slide21
Test Question
What is one of the 5 signs of REM sleep?
Possible answers: 1. pulse quickens
2. blood pressure rises
3. old tale of sexual arousal
4. very little muscle movement, the sleeper is very still
5. rapid side-to-side eye movement