Agreements Post Restructuring Provisions Preamble Amount and term of the loan Representations and warranties Conditions of lending Provisions Default Provisions Description of collateral Covenants of the borrower ID: 468671
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Slide1
Structuring Loan Agreements
Post RestructuringSlide2
Provisions
Preamble
Amount and term of the loan
Representations and warranties
Conditions of lendingSlide3
Provisions
Default Provisions
Description of collateral
Covenants of the borrower
MiscellaneousSlide4
Preamble and Description
The preamble sometimes does little more than name lenders and borrowers, stating that an agreement has been entered into
Statement of purpose may be included, as well as commitment fees, interest rates, prepayment rights and a definition of terms used in the agreementSlide5
Amount and Term of the Loan
Sets forth the amount of the loan, the manner in which the borrower may draw down amounts, the interest rate, fees, maturity dates, and the provisions relating to prepayments
If the commitment agreement supports a term loan, it will call for periodic equal paymentsSlide6
Amount and Term of the Loan
However, provisions are sometimes made for a balloon payment or "bullet payment" at maturity. Balloon payments require periodic equal payments made with a larger lump sum payment due at the end of the term loan. Similar to a balloon payment, a "bullet payment" sometimes includes a provision requiring cash flows from operations or asset sales above a predetermined amount to be earmarked for loan amortization to reduce the balloon or bullet portion of the loan. Slide7
Representations and Warranties
Refers to the possession of adequate licenses, patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade names to conduct business in addition to the economic, financial, and legal circumstances prevailing at the time the original credit decision was madeSlide8
Representations and Warranties
Is/does borrower
legally incorporated.
In good standing.
has the power to make the agreement, execute the notes and to perform.
submit financial statements that are correct and reflect the borrower's true financial condition.
is permitted to borrow under the borrower's charter and by laws, governmental regulation, and other agreements as authorized by the board of directors.Slide9
Conditions of Lending
This article is concerned with the conditions that must exist and the representations that must delivered to the lender in order to make the commitment binding.
Before disbursing any monies under the loan, legal counsel must be satisfied with the documents submitted by the borrower which including:
Charter and by lawsSlide10
Conditions of Lending
Resolutions adopted by the company's board of directors authorizing the contemplated transaction, together with any other required resolutions (for example, authorizing hypothecation of collateral, insurance, or guarantees).
Certificates of good standing from those jurisdictions where the major properties of the borrower are located or a substantial portion of the borrower's business is transacted.
Copies of all consents and approvals which might have had to be obtained.
Copies of other debt instruments to which the borrower might be subject.Slide11
Conditions of Lending
Copies of all consents and approvals which might have had to be obtained.
Copies of other debt instruments to which the borrower might be subject.Slide12
Conditions of Lending
On the financial side of the conditions precedent, lender should have obtained
a signed copy of the loan agreement and note(s) to be issued
in those instances where collateral is to be pledged, appropriate instruments should have been executed and, if applicable, the collateral should be in the hands of the lenderSlide13
Conditions of Lending
On the financial side of the conditions precedent, lender should have obtained
a similar consideration evolves around the execution and delivery of guarantees
certifications should also be obtained when a contemplated loan is part of a larger financing program involving the raising of additional capital funds, the discharge of other indebtedness, or the prior investment of the borrower's own funds in a venture to be financed partly by the contemplated loan.Slide14
Default Provisions
All term loans have default provisions under which the long-term lender has the right to accelerate the payment of the loan
This is mandated with an acceleration clause which states that if certain conditions are not met, the total loan is immediately due, or at the very least, gives the bank the right to renegotiate the terms
If such a clause is excluded from the agreement, the bank is obliged to wait until each installment is due before legal action can be taken against the borrower.
The fact that the right exists does not mean that it is always used, but it does give lenders flexibility at a time when they need room to maneuver.Slide15
Loan Covenants
The basic covenants in every term loan agreement should he constructed around these three principles:
Limitation of other indebtedness.
Prohibition of secured obligations or of obligations ranking ahead of the commercial term loan.
A provision for the maintenance of a certain minimum working capital.
Furnishing financial statements. Slide16
Affirmative Covenants
Bank furnished with financial statements periodically with any relevant information as requested.
Borrower carry insurance satisfactory to the bank to reduce those risks that are insurable.
Borrower to maintain working capital at or above a stated amount.
Management that is satisfactory to the bank
Banks often require that
key man
insurance be carried on those people in responsible positions who cannot be readily replaced.Slide17
Description of Collateral
When the loan is a secured loan, the agreement sets forth a detailed description of the collateral and how it is to be handled
If the collateral consists of securities, the agreement normally specifies who is to receive the interest or dividends, who is to have the right to vote the stock, under what conditions the securities are to be sold, and if sold, who is to receive the proceeds from the sale Slide18
Negative Covenants
Objectives: prevent a dissipation of assets that would weaken the firm's financial strength, and the assumption of obligations (definite or contingent) that might reduce the borrower's ability to repay the loan.
Negative covenants are particulars the borrower agrees not to do during the life of the loan unless prior consent is obtained from the lending bank. Slide19
Negative Covenants
Example, if a borrower agrees not to pay dividends, it cannot happen by accident that dividends are paid
Financial ratios are usually treated as negative covenants
Borrower agrees not to pledge assets as security to other lender
Borrower aggress not to sell receivables
Prohibitions regarding merger and consolidation, except with the approval of the bank, are also generally included for the bank's protection
To assure that the productive ability of the concern remains intact, a prohibition is usually included against the sale or lease of substantially all of the borrower's assets
Not to make loans to others or to guarantee, endorse, or become surety for othersSlide20
Negative Covenants
Prohibitions regarding merger and consolidation, except with the approval of the bank, are also generally included for the bank's protection
To assure that the productive ability of the concern remains intact, a prohibition is usually included against the sale or lease of substantially all of the borrower's assets
Not to make loans to others or to guarantee, endorse, or become surety for othersSlide21
Restrictive Clauses and/or Secondary Covenants
Restrictive clauses and/or secondary covenants seem similar to negative covenants but are basically different
.Negative covenants in general prohibit certain acts of management, while restrictive clauses permit certain acts but restrict their latitude.Slide22
Restrictive Clauses and/or Secondary Covenants
Prohibition of the sale, discount, or other disposition of accounts receivable with or without recourse.
Prohibition of changes in other debt instruments.
Limitation of prepayment or redemption of other long term debt. The purpose of such a provision is to prevent the bank from being the last to be repaid. It also prevents the firm from using the bank's funds to pay off some other lender. If a borrower owes long-term debts to others, a limitation may be placed on the amount that may be retired annually without also retiring a portion of the term debt owed to the bank. Slide23
Restrictive Clauses and/or Secondary Covenants
Prohibitions on mergers or consolidations, asset sales, and acquisitions.
Prohibitions on investments in other enterprises.
Limitations on capital expenditures. The purpose of this limitation is to prevent the firm from overextending itself. The amount that can be invested will vary considerably but may be limited to the company's annual depreciation charges.
Limitations may also be placed on salaries, bonuses, and advances to officers and employees, as well as to others. The limitation on salaries and bonuses is a way of forcing a borrower to "tighten his belt" until he has adequate capital fundsSlide24
Restrictive Clauses and/or Secondary Covenants
Limitations on dividends. The restriction on dividends may be in terms of a certain percentage of
cumulative
earnings, or it may be specified that dividends not be allowed to reduce retained earnings below a certain level.Slide25
Restrictive Clauses and/or Secondary Covenants
Limitations on treasury stock purchases to prevent a weakening of the firm's financial strength.
Restrictions on the purchase of securities, with the usual exception of United States government obligations. This limitation is designed to prohibit speculation in securities.Slide26
The Miscellaneous Section
The final section sets forth any matter to be specified that does not logically fall in one of the previous sections. It includes where notices to borrowers or lenders shall be sent, what law governs the agreement, the duties of the agent bank in syndicated loans, and the borrower's agreement to pay certain expenses.