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The Church through the Ages The Church through the Ages

The Church through the Ages - PowerPoint Presentation

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The Church through the Ages - PPT Presentation

The Middle Ages 10001450 Larry Fraher Kino Institute cc108 A Brief Overview Historical Events 1054 Eastern Schism 1095 First Crusade Launched 12 th c Monastic Revival 1170 Murder of Becket ID: 396134

papal god schism crusades god papal crusades schism aquinas monastic bonaventure council pope revival crusade hus holy scholasticism religious inquisition church amp

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Slide1

The Church through the Ages

The Middle Ages, 1000-1450

Larry Fraher

Kino Institute

cc108Slide2

A Brief Overview

Historical Events

1054: Eastern Schism

1095:

First Crusade Launched

12

th

c.: Monastic Revival

1170: Murder of Becket

1215: Fourth Lateran Council

Mid-1200’s: Scholasticism, Inquisition

1270: Crusades End

1305-1370: Avignon Papacy

1370-1415: Papal Schism

1415: The Council of ConstanceSlide3

A Brief Overview

Important People

Pope Urban II (Council of

Clermont & the People’s Crusade)

St. Bruno

& St. Bernard of

Clairvaux

(Monastic

Revival)

Ss. Francis and St. Dominic

Ss. Thomas Aquinas and St.

Bonaventure

The Rise of Great Medieval Religious Art

The Popes of the Papal Schism

John Wycliffe and Jan HusSlide4

A Brief Overview

Important Theological IssuesThe Rise of New Religious Orders

Scholasticism

Mysticism

Papal Location

The First Attempts at Reform

Wycliff

: Self-interpreting Scripture

Hus: Eucharist under both species

Seeds of ReformSlide5

Setting the Theological Stage

Late Dark Ages (800-1100)

Church’s fall into

Pelagianism

:

Belief in the doing of good, meritorious (Earning) of Grace.

Florus

, Deacon of Lyons: The Grace of God is never merited…

Eucharistic Controversies

Radbertus

: Real change of bread and wine into Body and Blood of Christ

Ratramnus

: Bread and wine become mystical symbols of the Body and Blood of ChristSlide6

Setting the Theological Stage

Theological Debates triggered by Gregorian Reform & East-West Schism

Papal Primacy

Filioque

Church/Diocese run as a Monastic

Community

The first Crusade

Pope Urban IISlide7

The Crusades

The First Crusade – 1096

Gathers in Constantinople in 1097

Nicaea: Western defeat in victory

Antioch: “The General’s Ego”

Taking of Jerusalem

Second Crusade – 1144

First Crusaders go home.

Territories Captured by Christians, retaken by Islam

Fights between eastern and western Christianity don’t help…

Reaches Antioch before being given up.Slide8

The Crusades

The Third Crusade – 1187Philip II, Barbarossa and Richard the Lionhearted

Make it as far as the outskirts of Jerusalem

Barbarossa dies en route

Philip II tires and goes home

Richard is the only one left fighting

Jerusalem not re-captured.

The Last Crusades

Disease and Bad Strategy doom the last Crusades.

Pillaging of Constantinople deepens east-west anger.Slide9

The Crusades

The “Goal” of the Crusades

Spiritual – Pilgrimage & Religious Fervor

Military – Recapture the Holy Lands

Geographic – Re-establish the Holy Roman Empire

Ecclesiological – Eastern and Western Unity

The Problem with the Crusades

Spiritual – Pilgrimage implies a return home

Military – Supply lines and morale

Geographic – unfamiliar territory and climate

Ecclesiological – East often allied with Turks/Islam to preserve their traditions.Slide10

Crusades in Context

Holy Land as a place of pilgrimage…Safety of pilgrims

Respect and honor of holy sites

Military combination of Church and State

Common Reality of the 11

th

to 13

th

centuries

In service to God and CountrySlide11

Monastic Revival

The “New Spirituality”

Return to the “strict” observance of the Rule(s

)

Bruno

Bernard

Battle against Abbot

Suger

of St. Denis Monastery

Augustinian Canons – Religious in the Parishes

Dominic

Preaching against

Albigensianism

(Neo-

Manicheaism

)

The craft of argument

Francis

Poverty, Simplicity and Service

“Rebuild my church.”Slide12

Monastic Revival

St. Bernard vs. Abbot SugerSlide13

Monastic Revival

Francis of Assisi

“And after the Lord gave me brothers, no one showed me what I should do, but the Most High Himself revealed to me that I should live according to the form of the Holy Gospel. And I had this written down simply and in a few words and the Lord Pope confirmed it for me. And those who came to receive life gave to the poor everything which they were capable of possessing and they were content with one tunic, patched inside and out, with a cord and short trousers. And we had no desire for anything more…”Slide14

Monastic Revival

The rise of the combination of Art and Theology…Slide15

Illuminated Manuscripts

Images decorating and informing the text with an understanding of the faith.

Here: Mary as Eve’s Corrective.Slide16
Slide17

Scholasticism

The question of the day: Religion OR

Philosophy

Scholasticism’s Response:

Religion

AND

Philosophy

Great Names of Scholasticism

Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas AquinasSlide18

Anselm of

Canterbury1033-1109

“And so, O Lord, since thou

givest

understanding to faith, give me to understand – as far as thou

knowest

it to be good for me – that thou dost exist, and that thou art what we believe thee to be.”

Ontological Argument for the Existence of God.

(Modern Adaptation)

God is that entity

over

which nothing can be greater.

The concept of God exists in human understanding.

God exists in one's mind but not in reality.

The concept of God's existence is understood in one's mind.

If God existed in reality, it would be a greater thing than God's existence in the mind.

There are things which exist in reality greater than in one’s mind.

Since God is that which noting can be greater, God

in

reality,

must exist. Slide19

Five Ways – Proofs for the Existence of God

From Motion: The Unmoved MoverFrom Causality: First Efficient Cause

From Contingency: Regression to Nothing

Creatio

ex nihilo

(Creation from Nothing)

From Being/Order/Perfection

From Intelligence: Beyond Instinct

Thomas Aquinas, OP

1225-1274Slide20

Aquinas

“1.1. Whether another doctrine is necessary besides the philosophical sciences.

I answer: it was necessary for man’s salvation that there should be a doctrine founded on revelation, as well as the philosophical sciences discovered by human reason. It was necessary, in the first place, because man is ordained to God as his end, who surpasses the comprehension of reason…Men must have some foreknowledge of the end to which they ought direct their intentions and actions. It was therefore necessary that some things which transcend human reason should be made known through divine revelation.” – Summa, 1.1Slide21

Aquinas

“85.2. Whether the whole good of human nature can be destroyed by sin…

I answer: we said in the preceding article that the natural good which sin diminishes is the natural inclination to virtue. Now the reason that man inclines to virtue is that he is rational. It is because he is rational that he acts in accordance with his reason, and this is to act virtuously. But a man would not be able to sin without his rational nature. Sin cannot deprive him of it altogether. It follows that his inclination to virtue cannot be entirely destroyed. …”

Summa, 85.2Slide22

Aquinas

Transubstantiation

Eucharistic Controversies Beginning in the 9

th

c.

Historical/Physical Presence

(

Radbertus

&

Ratramnus

, 9

th

c.)

Christ’s Glorified Body and Eucharistic Presence (

Berengarius

, Lanfranc, 11

th

c.)

Relation to Body and Blood in Sacramental Species (12

th

c.)

Aquinas Responds with “Transubstantiation”Slide23

Aquinas

Substance is always Immeasurable

Substance is always retained, accidents (appearance) may change.

In Transubstantiation, Substance changes, accidents remain.

When it ceases to be bread (Accidentally)…

When it ceases to be wine (Accidentally)…

Eucharist is the Reception of Christ,

SubstantiallySlide24

The “Balance” to Scholasticism

Bonaventure

Not only invest in reason…

The heart and head must combine to know Jesus Christ.

This gets taken to extreme…

Rejection of theology

Rise of “experientialism

Bonaventure argued that we cannot rely only on reason…

But would not have been hostile to reason.Slide25

Scholasticism = extrinsic

Bonaventure: God’s existence is known from:

within

Without

God’s presence is imprinted on the soul

Observation of the external should not be the sole criteria

Bonaventure, OFMSlide26

Bonaventure

“And thus it is clear how the manifold wisdom of God,

which is clearly revealed in Sacred Scripture, lies hidden in all knowledge and in all nature. It is clear how all divisions of knowledge are handmaids of theology. It is likewise evident how wide is the luminous way and how in everything which is perceived or known, God himself lies hidden within.”

St. Bonaventure – Retracing the Arts to TheologySlide27

Inquisition!!!

Franciscans and Dominicans

Learned and well versed in Church teaching and doctrine…

“Thinking with the mind of the Church”

To an area where heresy was thought to be present.

3 days to 2 weeks ‘Preaching the Inquisition”

Root out the heretics

ReconciliationSlide28

Inquisition!!!

Trial of Heretic followed

If heretic failed to recant

Punishment

Most often penitential or imprisonment

Sometimes death…

Spanish Inquisition is very Different than the Ecclesial Inquisition

The office of the Inquisition existed in most dioceses until Vatican II.Slide29

The Papal Schism

1377 Pope Gregory XI Returns the Papacy to Rome from Avignon, France, initiating the “Papal Schism” in 1378

Increasing National Religious Loyalties = Divisions

French Cardinals want Papacy in France

Pope Urban VI Elected

Keeps Papacy in Rome

French Cardinals Elect another Pope (Clement VII)

Two Popes…Governments begin to take sides

Rome: England and Germany

Avignon: Scotland, Spain and NaplesSlide30

The Papal Schism

Urban’s Dastardly Politics

Both “popes” excommunicate each other

The Council of

Pisa (1409-1410)

Cardinals from Both Sides Meet in Pisa

Elect Alexander V (1409)

John XXIII (1410-1415)

Total Number of “reigning” popes = 3

Emperor Sigismund

Calls the Council

of Constance

Reconciles Pisa and Rome, Avignon

(Benedict XIII)

Refuses Reconciliation and Flees to Spain.

Abdicates in 1429Slide31

The Papal

Schism

Effects of Papal Schism

Early attempts at democracy =

Conciliarism

Dominican

Order – Some in the papal curia believe this to be an answer

Cries for Reform

John Wycliffe – No Confidence in the Clergy

Jan Hus – Simony and Eucharist

Religious Identity

was

the Culture

“In the fifteenth century, indeed, the Church was enjoying its last years as the relatively unchallenged custodian and interpreter of the cosmos.”

-- Ahlstrom, p. 22Slide32

Wycliff and Hus

John HusTreatise on

Simony

Accessibility of all to both Species of Eucharist

Hus at the Council of Constance (1415)

John

Wycliff

Evil of the Priesthood

Everyone can be

holy

Scripture is Self InterpretingSlide33

Adding to the Seeds of Reform

1440 – Guttenberg invents the printing press…Wycliffe’s call to read the bible now becomes possible

Self interpretation of scripture and faith becomes widespread

The lack of trust in the hierarchy combines… and the stage is set…