The Bracero Program 19421964 Agreement between US and Mexico Prompted by labor shortage during World War II 45 million Mexicans legally hired for work over life of the program Included protections for workers including equal pay to US citizens but no serious enforcement mechanism for t ID: 591913
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The Sleepy Lagoon defendants declared not guilty, 1944Slide3
The Bracero Program, 1942-1964Agreement between U.S. and Mexico
Prompted by labor shortage during World War II4.5 million Mexicans legally hired for work over life of the programIncluded protections for workers, including equal pay to U.S. citizens, but no serious enforcement mechanism for the protections
“El Cortito”—the Devil’s ArmSlide4
Fred Ross, Saul Alinsky and “community organizing”Mobilize for power through a network of community organizations
Confront the power structure by using media and public opinionConstantly look for new and creative tactics to shame, embarrass, and shock your opponent into conceding powerMobilize “outside the experience” of your opponentDon’t forget to have fun
Delores Huerta and Fred Ross of Community Service OrganizationsSlide5
The grape boycott National boycott of west coast grapes results in significant unionization of San Joaquin valley workers by 1970Slide6
Latino Civil Rights groups in the United States1929: League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
1938: El Congresso de los Pueblos de Habla Espanol1948: The GI Forum—an association of Mexican American World War II veterans1949: the National Mexican-American AssociationSlide7
Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales
Crystal City High School, 1969Slide8
Pre-civil war feminists: Susan Anthony, Amelia Bloomer, Elizabeth Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Lucy Stone, Slide9
Women’s suffrage map, USASlide10Slide11
Women at work and at collegeSlide12
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act(a) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer - (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion,
sex [gender], or national origin . . .”Slide13
Discrimination against women in AmericaNewspaper jobs divided into male and femaleGovernment manuals used “he” and “she” to describe managers and secretaries
Women could not establish businesses without a male consignerQuotas for women in professional schoolsHigher university admission standards for womenLaws permitting husband to beat their wivesEmployers could fire women for weighing too muchSlide14
1969: Miss America Pageant ProtestSlide15
1967-1979: insurgent Second Wave FeminismLegal actions sex discrimination against women on the jobLawsuits against separate want ads for women and menEEOC suits against discrimination in wages and promotions
Actions against separate standards for women and men in university admissionsSlide16
Feminist victories in the 1970s1970: Schultz v. Wheaton. U.S. appeals court says employers can’t change job title of women workers to pay them less than men1972: Congress passes Educational Amendments (Title IX) to the Civil Rights Act to enforce sex equity in education
1973: Supreme Court rules that sex categorizing in employment advertisements is unconstitutional1974: The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits discrimination in consumer credit practices on the basis of sex, race, marital status, religion, national origin, age, or receipt of public assistance.1974: Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that employers cannot justify paying women lower wages because that is what they traditionally received under the "going market rate."
1976: West Point, Annapolis, and the Air Force Academy open admissions to women
1976: Nebraska first state to make it illegal for a husband to rape his wife
1978: Pregnancy discrimination act. You can’t get fired or demoted or not promoted for being pregnantSlide17
Reproductive law timelineUp until 1820s reproductive law permitted abortion until “quickening”
1821: banned certain kinds of abortions that used dangerous herbs and roots1850s: American Medical Association campaigns against midwives and abortion1873: Comstock Act bans information about abortion of contraception through the mails1910: Almost all states have anti-abortion laws
Moral crusader Anthony ComstockSlide18
1965: AMA begins to change stance on abortion after German measles epidemic1967: Ronald Reagan signs Therapeutic Abortion act1969: New York doctors openly defy states anti-abortion law
1970: 17 states liberalize abortion laws1971: a Federal appeals court declares Comstock law unconstitutional1973: Roe Versus Wade declares that abortion is a private decision in the first trimester of pregnancy
Sherri Finkbine and her three kidsSlide19
Roe v. Wade, 1972Texas law banning abortion declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme CourtSupremes argued that the law violated Norma McCorvey’s right to privacy and due process of law, implied and protected by the 5
th and 14th amendment’s “due process” clause:“nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;” (14th amendment)
Court declared that women had the right to choose in the first trimesterSlide20Slide21
George McGovern, 1972
Watergate hearings, 1974
Le Duc Tho and Henry Kissinger, 1973Slide22Slide23