Title Layout Subtitle There are 3 bacterial forms - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Title LayoutSubtitle

2. There are 3 bacterial formsCocci: Spherical (round) Bacillus: rod shaped 3. Spirillus: Spiral

3. There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped Bacillus: rod shaped - is a gram-negativeAnthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis. Bacilli are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectantsBacilli are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectantsBy Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats - the image i did myself using adobe ilustrator, using the information found on[1], [2] ,[3] ,[4], [5] ,[6], [7]and the book "medizinische mikrobiologie" from ernst wiesmann ED. Thieme (1986), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=738916

4. There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped ENDOSPORESBacillus: rod shapedAre extremely resilient due to having endosporesAn endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. Revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed.Cross section of a Bacillus spore.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7699/figure/A941/?report=objectonly

5. There are 3 bacterial forms - Cocci: round Cocci: Spherical (round)Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of infections in the body, including boils, cellulitis, abscesses, wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and food poisoning.  Streptococcal bacteria cause a variety of infections in the body, including pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections, and strep throat.By Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats - the image i did myself using adobe ilustrator, using the information found on[1], [2] ,[3] ,[4], [5] ,[6], [7]and the book "medizinische mikrobiologie" from ernst wiesmann ED. Thieme (1986), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=738916

6. There are 3 bacterial forms - Spirillum: (spiral)Spirillum: (spiral)All are aquatic except for one species (S. minus) that causes a type of rat-bite fever in man. Spirillum is a gram-negative, motile helical cell with flagella at each end.By Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats - the image i did myself using adobe ilustrator, using the information found on[1], [2] ,[3] ,[4], [5] ,[6], [7]and the book "medizinische mikrobiologie" from ernst wiesmann ED. Thieme (1986), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=738916

7. There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped Spirillum: (spiral)Spirochetes – Some of these causeLyme diseaseSyphillis http://www.ppdictionary.com/gnbac.htm

8. CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue). They are often called blue-green algae, although the name is sometimes considered a misnomer because cyanobacteria are prokaryotes and the term "algae" is often reserved for eukaryotes.Are considered gram-negative bacteria.

9. Cyanobacteria

10. How did cyanobacteria contribute to life on Earth?Many Proterozoic oil deposits are attributed to the activity of cyanobacteria. They are also important providers of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of rice and beans. The other great contribution of the cyanobacteria is that they were the precursors to plants.They changed the early atmosphere through photosynthesis. Chloroplasts in plants is a symbiotic cyanobacterium.

11. Bacterial Diseases - TuberculosisTuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.

12. Bacterial Diseases - TetanusTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsTetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It enters the body via an open wound and releases a powerful toxin, tetanospasmin. The incubation period lasts from 2 days to several weeks. This infection causes fever, pain, spasms of the neck and jaws. The treatment includes sedation, administration of muscle relaxing chemicals, antibiotics and antitoxins. The vaccine confers immunity for 5 years; in the case of profound wounds, injections with antitoxins are required.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV3hfbql

13. Bacterial Diseases - Typhoid fever Top 10 Bacterial InfectionsTyphoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica. The sources of infection are represented by contaminated water and food. The incubation lasts 7 to 14 days, then fever, headaches, constipation and diarrhea install. The treatment consists of antibiotics.To avoid this infection, food must be processed and manipulated in hygienic conditions. The vaccine confers limited immunity. This disease usually accompanies wars. A huge typhus pandemic broke out during the First World War in the Eastern Europe. Since 1914, over 20 million people died of typhus.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV3pKZ4P

14. Bacterial Diseases - CholeraTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsCholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Humans take the bacterium from water infested with human fecesCauses chronic diarrhea, dehydration, loss of liquids and salts. These losses must be replaced. The vaccine confers limited protection, that's why hygiene is the main method of controlling cholera.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV3xK7TS

15. Bacterial Diseases - black plague Top 10 Bacterial InfectionsPlague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The black plague broke out in Europe in 1347, when a boat coming from Crimea docked at Mesina, Sicily. Besides its load, the ship transported the pest, which soon spread throughout Italy. It was like the end of the days for Europe. In four years, this bacterium killed 20 to 30 million Europeans, about one third of the continent's population. Even the remote Iceland was struck. In the Extreme East, China dwindled from 123 million inhabitants at the beginning of the 13th century to just 65 million during the 14th century, because of the pest and hunger.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV4iBIzU

16. Bacterial Diseases - black plague Top 10 Bacterial InfectionsPlague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The black plague broke out in Europe in 1347, when a boat coming from Crimea docked at Mesina, Sicily. Besides its load, the ship transported the pest, which soon spread throughout Italy. It was like the end of the days for Europe. In four years, this bacterium killed 20 to 30 million Europeans, about one third of the continent's population. Even the remote Iceland was struck. In the Extreme East, China dwindled from 123 million inhabitants at the beginning of the 13th century to just 65 million during the 14th century, because of the pest and hunger.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV4iBIzU

17. Bacterial Diseases - black plague Top 10 Bacterial InfectionsThe pest bacterium is transmitted by fleas and, usually, the infection jumps from rats to humans. The incubation lasts 2 to 10 days. The disease causes fever, swelling of the lymphatic ganglions and skin. Today, antibiotics can treat plague. The vaccine confers limited immunity.This catastrophe has no match in the human history. 25 to 50 % of the inhabitants of Europe, North Africa and certain Asian areas died back then. Knowing the cause of the pandemic helped: in 1907, an outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco produced just several victims, as the authorities started a massive campaign for exterminating the rats, while in 1896 an outbreak in India caused 10 million deaths in 12 years, as the cause was not known.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV4thanK

18. Bacterial Diseases - SyphilisTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsSyphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallida, is the most severe sexually transmitted bacterial infection. The first stage has an incubation of 3-12 weeks and it induces ulcered lesions (syphilis chancre) at the entrance of body's aperture organ. After that, it triggers skin eruptions, fever, hair loss, less severe hepatitis and genital condilloma, but if untreated, the lesions extend in several years to the nervous system, leading to death.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV53CMh5

19. Bacterial Diseases - SyphilisTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsThe treatment consists in extremely powerful antibiotics (ceftriaxone, Cefixime, and others) which are also extremely costly. Antibiotics are most effective in the first stages. People must avoid having sex with probable carriers of the infection; it requires immediate treatment, ceasing sexual contacts until the end of the treatment and informing of the recent sexual contacts, for medical control and treatment.

20. Bacterial Diseases - SyphilisTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsGonorrhea is triggered by the Neisseria bacteria and it is transmitted sexually. 62 million people, aged mainly 15 to 29, are affected worldwide, especially in urban areas and of low socioeconomic level. The incubation lasts 3 days, and in men, gonorrhea produces urinary incontinence, urethra pain, reddening, penis burning sensation and testicle inflammation. In women, it induces severe pain that reaches the trumps and uterus. The treatment uses antibiotics and prevention is similar to syphilis.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV5OhUZv

21. Bacterial Diseases - TuberculosisTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsTuberculosis is caused by the Koch bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). It is as old as the humankind is. TBC was found even in mummies coming from the ancient Egypt and Peru. 2 million people die annually of tuberculosis. About 150 million people are estimated to have died of TBC since 1914.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV5bpeBW

22. Bacterial Diseases - TuberculosisTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsOne third of the people carry the Koch bacterium, which spreads through the air and milk from infested cows and affects all the body, especially the lungs. It induces prolonged coughing, fever, shivering, bloody expectoration, weight loss, sweating, tiredness, and glossy eyes.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV5thJ3W

23. Bacterial Diseases - TuberculosisTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsIt infects one third of the world population and each year another new 8 million cases appear. Each second a person dies of tuberculosis. It is more aggressive in women and persons between 15 and 45 years old. Mutant strains are resistant to almost all drugs and kill about 50 % of the patients. It is spread worldwide, but its advance is rampant in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Philippines, India and Pakistan, with over half of the new cases.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV69C2nW

24. Bacterial Diseases - Legionnaire's disease Top 10 Bacterial InfectionsLegionnaire's disease is caused by Legionella bacteria. The bacteria are taken from air or wet environments. It causes symptoms similar to flue or pneumonia, accompanied by renal failure. The disease requires hospitalization and treatment with antibiotics. As a prevention measure, water and air conditioning installation must be controlled.Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV6HzzWv

25. Bacterial Diseases - PneumoniaTop 10 Bacterial InfectionsPneumonia affects 1% of the planet's population and can be produced by bacteria (like Aeromonas hydrophila) or viruses. It produces fever, shiver, sweating, cough with expectoration, muscle, head and thoracic pain, appetite loss, weakness.This is the main cause of mortality in the world: it kills 3.5 million people each year. It attacks especially 

26. AntibioticsThey may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Fleming was working on a culture of disease-causing bacteria when he noticed the spores of a little green mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), in one of his culture plates. He observed that the presence of the mold killed or prevented the growth of the bacteria.[6]

27. AntibioticsThey may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Fleming was working on a culture of disease-causing bacteria when he noticed the spores of a little green mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), in one of his culture plates. He observed that the presence of the mold killed or prevented the growth of the bacteria.[6]

28. AntibioticsThey are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi. This gives the microbe an advantage when competing for food and water and other limited resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic kills off their competition.

29. Title and Content Layout with Chart

30. Areas of YOUR body that are more susceptible to infectionEar InfectionLung InfectionThroat InfectionYeast InfectionUrinary Tract InfectionH. Pylori – Ulcers

31. Good bacteriaIn the human gastrointestinal tract, good bacteria aid in digestion and produce vitamins. Good bacteria assists the body’s immunity, making the body less hospitable to bad bacteria and other harmful pathogens. When considering all the strains of bacteria that exist, relatively few are capable of making people sick.

32.

33. Good bacteria is used to make some of the foods we enjoy.Acidophilus milk is made with Lactobacillus acidophilus.Butter is made from pasteurized cream, to which a lactic acid starter has been added.Cheese is often made with Streptococcus and Lactobacillus bacteria.Yogurt usually requires the addition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactococcus thermophilus, and/or Streptococcus thermophilus to the milk.Beers, etc. -- Traditionally, the natural yeasts on grape skins determine the quality of wine produced. These natural yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae (beer in Spanish is "cervesa") and Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, ferment the grapes to make wine.

34. Bacteria have a wide range of envronmental and nutritive requirements.Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen. Aerobic bacteria thrive in the presence of oxygen and require it for their continued growth and existence. Other bacteria are anaerobic, and cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are the facultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it.Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs.Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment -- this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely on fermentation or respiration.The other group, the autotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria.

35. Characterization of bacteriaGram negative / gram positiveAerobic / anaerobicHeterotrophs / autotrophs

36. Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem.The ecosystem, both on land and in the water, depends heavily upon the activity of bacteria. The cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur is completed by their ceaseless labor.Organic carbon, in the form of dead and rotting organisms, would quickly deplete the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere if not for the activity of decomposers. This may not sound too bad to you, but realize that without carbon dioxide, there would be no photosynthesis in plants, and no food. When organisms die, the carbon contained in their tissues becomes unavailble for most other living things. Decomposition is the breakdown of these organisms, and the release of nutrients back into the environment, and is one of the most important roles of the bacteria.

37. Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem.The cycling of nitrogen is another important activity of bacteria. Plants rely on nitrogen from the soil for their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from the gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere. The primary way in which nitrogen becomes available to them is through nitrogen fixation by bacteria such as Rhizobium, and by cyanobacteria such as Anabaena, Nostoc, and Spirulina, shown at right. These bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrates or nitrites as part of their metabolism, and the resulting products are released into the environment. Some plants, such as liverworts, cycads, and legumes have taken special advantage of this process by modifying their structure to house the basteria in their own tissues. Other denitrifying bacteria metabolize in the reverse direction, turning nitrates into nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide. When colonies of these bacteria occur on croplands, they may deplete the soil nutrients, and make it difficult for crops to grow.

38. ProtistsDomain:EukaryaKingdom:Protista

39. Major Categories of ProtistsAnimal-like protists are called protozoa. Most consist of a single cell. ...Plant-like protists are called algae. They include single-celled diatoms and multicellular seaweed. ...Fungus-like protists are molds. They are absorptive feeders, found on decaying organic matter.

40. Algae are simple plants that can range from the microscopic (microalgae), to large seaweeds (macroalgae), such as giant kelp more than one hundred feet in length.What are algae??

41. Algae (singular: alga) are plants or plantlike organisms that contain chlorophyll (pronounced KLOR-uh-fill) and other pigments (coloring matter) that trap light from the Sun. This light energy is then converted into food molecules in a process called photosynthesis. Most algae store energy as some form of carbohydrate (complex sugars). Most algae store energy as some form of carbohydrate (complex sugars).

42. Uses of Algae as Energy source, Fertilizer, Food and Pollution controlHumans use algae as food, for production of useful compounds, as biofilters to remove nutrients and other pollutants from wastewaters, to assay water quality, as indicators of environmental change, in space technology, and as laboratory research systems. Algae is commercially cultivated for Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Aquaculture purpose.

43. Algae – Feul SourceFuel sourceAlgae can be used to make Biodiesel (see algaculture), Bioethanol and biobutanol and by some estimates can produce vastly superior amounts of vegetable oil, compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose.Algae can be grown to produce hydrogen. In 1939 a German researcher named Hans Gaffron, while working at the University of Chicago, observed that the algae he was studying,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green-algae), would sometimes switch from the production of oxygen to the production of hydrogen.Algae can be grown to produce biomass, which can be burned to produce heat and electricity. 

44. Algae – Food supplement:Food supplement:1. It is a complete protein with essential amino acids (unlike most plant foods) that are involved in major metabolic processes such as energy and enzyme production.2. It contains high amounts of simple and complex carbohydrates which provide the body with a source of additional fuel. In particular, the sulfated complex carbohydrates are thought to enhance the immune system’s regulatory response.3. It contains an extensive fatty acid profile, including Omega 3 and Omega 6. These essential fatty acids also play a key role in the production of energy.4. It has an abundance of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in naturally-occurring synergistic design. 

45. Algae – Stabilizing agentStabilizing agentChondrus crispus, (probably confused with Mastocarpus stellatus, common name: Irish moss), is also used as "carrageen". It is an excellent stabiliser in milk products - it reacts with the milk protein caesin, other products include: petfoods, toothpaste, ice-creams and lotions etc.,Alginates in creams and lotions are absorbable through the skin. 

46. Algae – FertilizerFertilizerAlgae are used by humans in many ways. They are used as fertilizers, soil conditioners and are a source of livestock feed. Because many species are aquatic and microscopic, they are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds

47. Algae – Role Of Algae in Pollution controlAlgae are used in Wastewater Treatment facilities, reducing the need for greater amounts of toxic chemicals than are already used.Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in runoff from farms. When subsequently harvested, the enriched algae itself can be used as fertilizer.Algae Bioreactors are used by some powerplants to reduce CO2 emissions. The CO2 can be pumped into a pond, or some kind of tank, on which the algae feed. Alternatively, theBioreactor can be installed directly on top of a smokestack.Role Of Algae in Pollution control

48. wastewater treatmentUsing algae for wastewater treatment offers some interesting advantages over conventional wastewater treatment. The advantages of algae-based treatment include:Cost effective treatmentLow energy requirementReduction in sludge formation andProduction of algal biomassOil extraction from algae is a hotly debated topic currently because this process is one of the more costly processes which can determine the sustainability of algae-based biodiesel.In terms of the concept, the idea is quite simple: Harvest the algae from its growth medium (using an appropriate separation process), and extract the oil out of it. Extraction can be broadly categorized into two methods:

49. Amoeba

50. Amoeboid movement is the most common mode of locomotion in Eukaryotic cells. It is a crawling-like type of movement accomplished by protrusion of cytoplasm of the cell involving the formation of pseudopodia. The cytoplasm slides and forms a pseudopodium in front to move the cell forward.

51. Paramecium

52. Trypanosoma

53. Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa, many of which cause malaria in their hosts.Spread by mosquitos.

54. FungiA fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. 

55. Fungi - yeasta microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.BreadAlcohol Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used as a leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol.

56. mold

57. moldMold grows on bread when the bread comes in contact with dust that is carrying fungi, which are a tiny microorganisms. Spores remain airborne until they land on a piece of food, germinate and grow into a healthy fungus.

58. moldMold lives off the food its growing on by eating away at it. It commonly grows right through whatever it's eating. Fungi break down what they are eating by digesting the juices they squirt out. They then grow microscopic roots into the food itself.

59. hyphaeA hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, “web”) is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.

60. Fungi play an important role in energy cycling within, and between, ecosystems. Fungi are found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments, and are part of a diverse community of “decomposers” that break down dead plants and animals.

61. Mushroom cap is reproductive (fungi fruiting) structure.

62. lichenA lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship. The combined life form has properties that are very different from the properties of its component organisms.

63. lichenSymbiosis in lichens is the mutually helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus.[1][2][3] The fungus benefits from the algae or cyanobacteria because they produce food by photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the environment by the filaments of the fungus, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it. The lichen combination of fungus and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria has a very different form (morphology),physiology, and biochemistry than the parts growing by themselves. The properties of the "whole" combination are very different from the sum of the properties of the parts living by themselves.

64. lichenSymbiosis in lichens is the mutually helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus.[1][2][3] The fungus benefits from the algae or cyanobacteria because they produce food by photosynthesis.

65. lichenThe algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the environment by the filaments of the fungus, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it.

66. lichenThe lichen combination of fungus and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria has a very different form (morphology),physiology, and biochemistry than the parts growing by themselves. The properties of the "whole" combination are very different from the sum of the properties of the parts living by themselves.

67. lichenSchematic cross section of lichen, a symbiosis between green algae and a fungus. Thick layers of hyphae, called the cortex Green algae Loosely packed hyphae Anchoring hyphae called rhizines.

68. Have you heard?

69. Genus Demodex; live exclusively on human2 species: D.folliculorum (top) and  D.brevis (bottom)  http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/08/31/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-the-mites-that-eat-crawl-and-have-sex-on-your-face/

70. Two types of cells: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

71. Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteCharacteristicsProkaryotes:Archae and EubacteriaEukaryotes: Protists, Plants, Fungi, AnimalsSize1-10 m100-1000 mGenetic materials- Circular DNA including plasmids, not bound by a membrane- Genome made up of a single chromosome- DNA in nucleus bounded by membrane- No plasmid- Genome made up of several chromosomes, thus contains many more genes than prokaryotesCell divisionBinary fissionMitosis and meiosisReproductionAsexual is commonSexual is common

72. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote (cont.)CharacteristicsProkaryotes:Archae and EubacteriaEukaryotes: Protists, Plants, Fungi, AnimalsNumber of cellsUnicellularMost are multicellularOrganellesNo membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast etc.No nucleusMembrane-bound organelles presentMetabolisms-Many carry out metabolism under no O2 condition-Metabolism processes carried out in the cytoplasm-Most require O2-Metabolism processes carried out in membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast etc.

73. Endosymbiosis TheoryHow have prokaryotes possibly become eukaryotes?Eukaryotic cells are believed to be the result of a symbiotic union of separate prokaryotic cells

74. domain Archae and Eubacteria (generally referred as Bacteria)

75. Shared characteristics of Archae andEubacteriano nucleusAll single-celled.no membrane-bound organellesDNA as a single chromosome.Reproduce asexually by binary fission.

76. domain: ArchaeArchae means primitive or earlyOften live extreme environments Eg. high salt concentrations, temperature or acidity; Most live in environments with no oxygenHypothesis: all life domains are descended from the ancestors of this group

77.

78. Classification of domain ArchaeaBacteriaBy their habitatsA. Anaerobic methanogen: those live in O2-free places (e.g. gut of animals and produce CH4)B. Halophiles: salt-loving archaeaC. Thermophiles: those inhabit hot, acidic environment such as hot springs

79. domain Eubacteria or Bacteria

80. Classification1. Shapes2. Respiration 3. Reaction to staining4. Reproductiondomain Bacteria

81. 1. Bacterial shapeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE

82. Classification – ShapeSingularPluralShapeAdvantagescoccuscocciroundResists drying outbacillusbacillirodgreater surface area = higher nutrient absorption spirrillumspirrillaspiralcan move through fluids with less resistance

83. 2. RESPIRATIONClassifying bacteria by respirationObligate aerobes: require oxygen2) Obligate anaerobes: grow only in absence of oxygen3) Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without oxygendomain Bacteria

84. Nutrition: vocabulary revisionAutotrophs: make their own foodHeterotrophs: obtain food by breaking down organic molecules from their environmentChemo- derived from chemical reactionsPhoto- derived from sunlight

85. Bacterial NutritionMode of nutritionEnergy sourceCarbon sourcePhotoautotroph(e.g. cyanobacteria)LightCO2Chemoautotroph(e.g. Ferrobacillus ferrooixdans)Inorganic chemicalsCO2Photoheterotroph(e.g. Heliobacter polyri)LightOrganic compoundsChemoheterotroph(e.g. Methanococcus jannaschii )Organic compoundsOrganic compounds

86. 4. Bacterial reactions to being stainedGram staining: a staining technique by Hans Christian Gram in 1884 Divide bacteria into 2 groups:Gram negativePeptidoglycan absent in cell wallGram positivePeptidoglycan present in cell wall

87. Gram staining procedure

88.

89. BACTERIAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONCalled “binary fission”bacterial DNA replicates and dividesa cross wall develops and the two genetically identical cells separatehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9DNWcqxI4&feature=related

90. True!

91. Cell to cell contact is made with a cytoplasmic bridgePlasmids (small circular DNA); contain genes different from those in the bacterial chromosomePlasmids are transferred from the donor to the recipientRecipient now has new genes from donor (ie. Gene for antibiotic resistance)Conjugation- not true sexual reproduction

92. ENDOSPORE FORMATIONAdaptation to survive unfavourable conditions eg. Anthrax forms sporesCell wall becomes thickresistant to heat and not easily destroyed bacterium emerges when suitableconditions return

93.

94. USEFUL BACTERIAProduction of vinegarfixing nitrogen in soilsdairy products(cheese, yogurt….)decomposers innutrient cyclessource of someAntibioticsClean up oil spill

95. HARMFUL EFFECTS

96. BACTERIAL DISEASES1. Leprosy2. Tetanus3. Botulism4. Cholera

97. DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASEBody provides own defenses (skin, acidic stomach, lysozyme in eyes, immune system)sterilization/disinfection of surfaces can reduce disease further (wash your hands)Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria but don’t harm host cellsBacteria have evolved to resist many of today’s antibiotics

98. Antibiotics and AntisepticsJoseph Lister created the first antiseptic, an acid to spray on tables and instruments before surgery (1860)The Discovery of Penicillin (1928)Alexander FlemingNoticed mold growing on petri dishesBacteria did not grow where the mold wasHe isolated the chemical that killed bacteria, but it was not stableHoward Flory continued the work, later stabilized the chemicalFleming and Flory received the Nobel Prize in 1945

99. Bacterial growth:- Zones of inhibition around the disks showsthe effectiveness of the antibioticsAntibiotic resistance:Ability of bacteria to grow in the presence of chemicals meant to destroy them

100. What is the zone of inhibition on this agar?Which disk(s) is most effect at inhibiting the growth of bacteria on this agar?

101. Drug screening: Bacteria can be grown on agar plates to check for antibiotic resistanceWhich Petri disk show more antibiotic resistance?

102. Bonnie Bassler - PrincetonUHow Bacteria Talk to each other?Quorum sensing:the phenomenon whereby the accumulation of signalling molecules enables bacteria to sense their number so they can launch group behaviour (e.g. virulence etc.)http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html

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104. Review1. Label the bacteria by shape dicocci streptococci staphylococci 2. What is a bacteria called that must live in oxygen?Obligate aerobe3. How do bacteria reproduce?Binary fission (asexual) & conjugation

105. 4. Bacteria on a pin. What shape?CocciBacilliSpirilla5. What survival advantage does this shape bring to the bacteria

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107. For your interestNext 2 slides connect with your antibiotic resistance reading articles

108. Drug- resistant Superbugsnon-typhoidal salmonella Neisseria gonorrhoeae tuberculosis Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa

109. Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Workhttp://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/antibiotic-resistance-faqs.html Q. What kinds of infections are caused by viruses and should not be treated with antibiotics?cold, flu, sore throat (except strep. throat), cough, bronchitis, ear infections are viral infections shouldn’t be cured with antibioticsQ. Can one strain of bacterium become resistance to multiple drugs? Absolutely YES!Multi drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa E.g. P. aeruginosa causes eye infections, skin rashes, ear infections, after surgery infection, widely spread in hospital

110. domain Bacteria

111. domain Bacteria