A Booming Economy The Business of Government - PowerPoint Presentation

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A Booming EconomyThe Business of Government Clash of Values The New Mass Culture The Harlem Renaissance

The Twenties, 1919-1929

“The Jazz Age” Slide2
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4 Major Trends of the 1920s1. The 1920s were a time of great prosperity.2. The 1920s were a time of

great tension

between groups in society.

3. The 1920s were a time of

great creativity

.

4. The 1920s were a time of

great inequality. Slide4

The Century: Americas Time 1920-1929: Boom to Bust Slide5

1920s Timeline 1919—18th Amendment =Prohibition on alcohol 1920—19th Amendment gave women the right to vote 1921—Warren Harding, President, 1921-1923

1922—Teapot Dome Scandal (government corruption)

1923—Calvin Coolidge, President, 1923-1929

1924—National Origins Act limits immigration to U.S.

1925—Scopes Trial in TN: Science and Religion

1927—

The Jazz Singer,

first talking movie

1929—Herbert Hoover enters the White House

Stock Market Crashes

Prosperity of the 1920s ends Slide6

The “New Economy” 1. After WWI, the American economy grew rapidly. 2. With mass production, workers produced more goods faster and cheaper than ever before; they also began buying goods on credit. 3. The economic boom of the 1920s changed the lives of millions of people and helped create our modern consumer society of today.Slide7

What factors drove the economic boom of the 1920s?Two Major factors: 1. Europe had been devastated by war. The U.S. was the only healthy industrial power in the world. 2. But the most important factor was

new

technology and inventions led to

industrial expansion to produce

goods for the growing marketSlide8

New technology and products of the 1920s 1. Electric vacuum cleaners, refrigerators and freezers 2. Automatic washing machines3. *** Radios4. Scotch tape, Kleenex tissue paper, electric razor 5. Computers at MIT6. Genetic Research7. Faster Trains8. Early stages of commercial aviation

It took over 100 years for the US Patent Office to issue its millionth patent in 1911; within 15 years it issued its two-millionth.Slide9

*The Automobile was the most important new technological invention of the 1920s:1. Automobile industry drove the booming economy

2. Autos led to the

growth of other industries:

Steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, oil, road construction, housing construction (suburbs), motels, restaurants, gas stations Slide10

Henry FordSlide11

The Ford Assembly Line Mass production=production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines Assembly line=arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled Scientific management

=experts study ways to improve efficiency by studying every step of the process Slide12

Innovation =change in way of doing something Model T=Henry Ford’s car many Americans could afford Henry Ford= his assembly line revolutionized production, wages, and working conditions, and daily lifeSlide13

Ford Assembly LineSlide14
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1920s Gas StationSlide16
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In 1929, the nation produced 5.5 million cars and 5 of every 6 cars in the world were owned by Americans. Slide18
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Automobiles transformed American society:1. Drove the economy and promoted buying on credit 2. Social freedom, dating and privacy3. Drinking alcohol

4. Cars were a status symbol

5. Americans were mobile and took vacations

6. Americans moved to the suburbs which transformed cities

7. Increased socialization, ended isolation

8. Gave rise to a youth cultureSlide21

“Story of Us” Video-Automobiles 12 http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=dubvgA7Je7Y&name=%288%29+America%2C+the+Story+of+US+-+Boom&uploadUsername=9kYmo6fsrySOonVIbdINtw&hitCount=11328Slide22

Advertising and Buying on Credit Consumer revolution= more goods were affordable and available to more people in American society than ever before The 1920s was the first true “Age of the Consumer”Installment purchases =customers would make small down payment on an item and pay the rest in monthly payments. Americans went into debt to buy the consumer goods of the 1920s.Slide23
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Walking ads for stockingsSlide26
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Movies of the 1920s Slide28

The Bull Market of the 1920s Slide29

The Bull Market Bull Market=stock prices rose in the 1920s and more Americans began to invest in stocks Get rich quick! Buying on Margin=to pay for stocks, many people bought stocks on “credit” by only putting 10% down. They believed they could pay the rest of the cost with profits from the stock market. Slide30

Cities, Suburbs and the CountryCities and suburbs grew and more Americans moved to urban areas for jobs and entertainment. More skyscrapers were built.Americans began to move to the suburbs (Cars made travel in and out of the city possible.)Farmers were NOT

prosperous. Slide31

Chrysler BuildingSlide32
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First African American Union: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Slide36

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersSlide37

African Americans in office in Hempstead, TXSlide38

Story of Us: Red Summer, 1919Blacks migrate North during WWI for jobsRacial tensions increase in cities in the North and WestBoom: 25:00 Chicago 1919, Red Summer Slide39

Farmers at the Market, 1920sSlide40

Signs of the Booming Economy of the 1920s: 1.Wages rose from $36 billion to $51 billion 2. Gross National Product (GNP) jumped from $69 billion to $93 billion 3. Mass production led to lower prices for goods4

. US entered WWI a debtor nation and emerged the largest creditor ($12 billion) Compared to other nations, America was rich

5. Advertising increased and Americans bought goods on

credit

*In the 1920s, Americans had the highest per capita income in the world. Slide41

Republicans Dominate Politics of the 1920s 1. Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge and the government in the 1920s supported business growth. Both believed in a smaller federal government.

2. This is a part of a pattern in U.S. history where economic cycles and government action are tied together. Slide42

Republican Presidents of the 1920s1. Warren Harding, 19202. Calvin Coolidge, 19233. Herbert Hoover, 1928Republicans controlled government for 12 yearsSlide43

Warren Harding, Ohio Slide44

WARREN HARDING (R), 1921-1923

Elected because he promised a

“Return to Normalcy.”

Americans were tired of war and Progressive reform movements.

Harding promised

smaller government and lower taxes.

“Ohio Gang”

–Harding placed his friends in public officeSlide45

Harding’s Cabinet Members 1. Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury Wealthy banker

Lowered taxes

Few regulations on businesses

2.

Herbert Hoover

, Secretary of Commerce

Promoted business

3.

“Ohio Gang”-

Harding’s corrupt and greedy friends who saw government as a way to get rich. This leads several scandals in the administration. Slide46

Teapot Dome Scandal Senator Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, took bribes to lease lands with oil reserves for the navy to businessmen. He was convicted and served a year in jail. Warren Harding died of a heart attack.

Calvin Coolidge became president. Slide47

Warren Harding as PresidentGo to 13 minutes The Presidents of the 1920s: Warren G. Harding Slide48

“Silent Cal”-Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29Slide49

Calvin Coolidge and the NationTime of prosperityReduced the federal budget

Lowered taxes

Gave incentives to businesses

Believed in small government

“The chief business of the American people is business.”

“The man who builds a factory, builds a temple.” Slide50

America’s Role in the World 1. No war had been as deadly as World War I.2. All Americans agreed it should never happen again 3. The U.S. and other nations took steps to reduce weapons and avoid war. Slide51

U.S. International Affairs 1920-1929 GOAL U.S. Action

League of Nations

To prevent war

and settle disputes between nations

W.

Wilson wanted to join. U.S. Senate rejected membership

World

Court

To settle

international disputes

Warren Harding wanted U.S.

to participate; rejected by the U.S. Senate

Washington

Naval Disarmament Conference

To reduce

the number of arms and size of navies of major powers

U.

S. and other nations agreed to limit construction of warships

Kellogg-Briand

Pact

To “outlaw war….as an instrument

of national policy.”

U.S.

and other nations agreed Slide52

Economic Question of 1920s: How do we pay for WWI? Dawes Plan-provided loans to Germany so they could pay their debts to Great Britain and France (so they could pay the U.S. )This cycle of debt contributed to the Great Depression. Slide53

Herbert Hoover, the Forgotten Progressive, Elected in 1928Slide54

1920s, Clash of Cultures: Many Americans Resisted the Changes to Society in 1920s

1. During the 1920s, the nation became increasingly divided over major issues related to religion, science, immigration, morality, and the changing economy.

2.

These divisions increased tensions between those living in urban areas and those living in rural areas.

3. For the first time, urban Americans outnumbered rural Americans. Many saw the new urban culture as a threat to traditional values

Major Questions: What kind of nation are we?

What kind of nation do we hope to become? Slide55

Terms to KnowModernism-a growing trend that emphasized science and secular values over traditional ideas and religious beliefs. Religious fundamentalism-belief in strict interpretation of the Bible and that there are “fundamental” truths based on scripture Nativism-fear, suspicion, or resentment of foreigners Slide56

Clash of the Cultures, 1920sCity vs. Country Religious fundamentalismProhibition-end alcohol consumption

Slower to embrace change

Suspicious of foreigners

(nativism)

Modern religion

Embraced science

Promoted change

Focus was more on the individual

TRADITIONAL/ RURAL VIEW

MODERN/ URBAN VIEWSlide57
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Three Examples of the conflicts created by cultural change in the 1920s:1. Debate over prohibition

2. The rise of nativism and the New Ku Klux Klan

3. Religious fundamentalism vs.

modern religion

(The Scopes Trial) Slide60

Prohibition: “Drys” vs the “Wets”Slide61

History of U.S. Alcohol Consumptionhttp://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/watch-video/#id=2082675582Slide62

Ken Burns: Prohibition Preview, 2 minutes Slide63

Why did Americans outlaw alcohol in 1919? Alcoholism, child abuse, injuries, job loss, gambling, and prostitution were all connected to alcohol abuse. Women were very active in the prohibition movementThe crusade against alcohol in the U.S. dated back to the 1850s. Alcohol consumption in the 1800s and early 1900s was much higher than today.**During WWI, Americans argued the grain used to make alcohol was needed for food.

Resentment toward German brewers in America after WWI Slide64

http://www.history.com/videos/america-goes-dry-with-prohibitionSlide65

The Laws (Prohibition) 18th Amendment to the Constitution-(1919) prohibited the distribution, sale, or manufacture of alcohol. Volstead Act

(1920) law to officially enforce the amendment. Slide66

Stories from the Prohibition PeriodFreddie Johnson, historian:People made money during prohibition a number of rather ingenious ways. One was right here in the city of Frankfurt that went on for a number of years. There was one family that came up with a system that was based on the delivery of milk in the mornings. So what they did was they had their still located down in the basement of their home in a little cellar. It was underneath the mother's bedroom floor in the little cellar. And what she would do is when they would make the moonshine they would move the bed out of the way, move the throw rug, and they would go down and they'd make a batch of hooch. Their little truck was painted just like a milk truck. Their uniforms were white and the jugs, they painted them up just like milk. And so they would fill it up with moonshine. And they did this for years.Slide67

Impact of Prohibition (1920s) Alcohol consumption did drop for a short period, but the law did not stop Americans from drinking. Speakeasies were illegal bars for drinking “hooch” or white lightning An illegal trade in bootleg alcohol

led to a rise in organized crime and violence.

The most famous organized crime boss was

Al Capone

.

Bootleggers

produced, transported and sold alcohol.

The issue of Prohibition divided America

:

Drys vs. WetsSlide68

TWO AMERICAS: Election of 19248 minutes PBS Prohibition: Election 1924, A Divided America WETS vs DRYS and KKKSlide69
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Al Capone’s Hangout and Coroner’s Report http://www.history.com/videos/al-caponeSlide71

Largest moonshine still seized—”hooch” and white lightningSlide72

Story of Us: 1920s Prohibition (33:00) Slide73

Nativism Increased in the 1920sNativism, resentment of foreigners, increased in the 1920s. Americans argued they took jobs and threatened the nation’s political, religious, and cultural traditions.

Two laws were passed that limited immigration:

Quota System

1. Emergency Quota Act (1921)

2. National Origins Act (1924)

Italian immigrants

Sacco and Vanzetti (Italian Immigrants)

were convicted of murder based on little evidence. Slide74

Rise in Nativism: Sacco and Vanzetti Slide75

Decline in immigration to the U.S. after the passage of Emergency Quota Act (1921) and National Origins Act (1924) Slide76

The New Ku Klux Klan of 1920s Connected to nativism, this organization persecuted Jews, Catholics, African Americans, and immigrants. “Old” Klan had been formed in the South after the Civil War.The

“New” Klan

was strong in the South , but also in the Midwest (Indiana) and the Northeast.

Many Americans opposed the KKK:

NAACP

Jewish Anti-Defamation League

Klan members were often corrupt. Slide77
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KKK Marches in WashingtonSlide79

KKK Initiation in Mississippi, 1923Slide80

Religious Fundamentalism vs Modern Religion: Clash of Values, 1920s

Scopes Trial, occurred in Dayton, TN to test the Butler Law

Butler Law-forbade the teaching of evolution in schools

John Scopes taught high school Dayton and had assigned readings on the theory of evolution

The trial pitted Clarence Darrow against William Jennings Bryan

The trial was a part of the debate between modernism and fundamentalism in American Society Slide81

Religion and Science: the Ongoing Debate In 1632 Galileo published his work on the solar system asserting that the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric). He was tried and convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest.Slide82

Charles Darwin’s book,

On the Origin of Species

(1859)

=

Within 20 years it convinced most of the international scientific community that evolution was a fact. Slide83

John Scopes and the Scopes Trial, Clash of CulturesScience teacher in Dayton, TN who was charged with violating a TN law that banned the teaching of evolution in schools. He was tried and found guilt. Defense Attorney: Clarence Darrow Prosecuting Attorney: William Jennings Bryan Slide84
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High School in Dayton, TNSlide88
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Outcome of the Scopes Trial John Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.William Jennings Bryan died 6 days later.The case was appealed to the state supreme court but overturned on a technicality.Of the 15 states that banned the teaching of evolution only two continued to enforce the law: Mississippi and Arkansas

**The debate between science and religion and what should be taught in schools continues today.Slide92
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http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=ofM99LFZhxo&name=THE+MONKEY+TRIAL+1925&uploadUsername=historicfilmsarchive&hitCount=6334Slide94

Why was the Scopes Trial so important in American history?It has been studied for 75 years Scopes trial and the subsequent dramatizations mirror a continuous cultural conflict between different belief systems: modernists and fundamentalists. People were looking for meaning in an increasingly complex world. This is a common theme throughout history. Slide95

Current and Future Debates Between Science and Religion Intelligent design or evolution? Birth Control and AbortionStem Cell Research Cloning What types of changes and laws will Americans support? How will the government react? Slide96

The Harlem Renaissance Why It Matters:1. Around WWI, African Americans began to migrate from the South to cities in the North. 2. This movement led to the rise of jazz and literary traditions that impacted all of American culture. Slide97

Reasons Blacks Migrated North 1915-1920s Pull Factors1. Seeking manufacturing jobs in the North2. Greater political rights3. Social advancementPush Factors 1. Low paying jobs in the South

2. Jim Crow oppression and racism

3. Very few good schools Slide98

Blacks faced challenges in the NorthWages were better in the NorthThey still experienced racism and segregation in Northern cities Race riots occurred in cities across the nation in 1919Over 200,000 African Americans settled in Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City. Slide99

The Jazz Age: 1920s JAZZ-a style of music where musicians creatively combine different forms of music often including blues and ragtime. Improvisation-create music as you play *Jazz-one of the only truly indigenous forms of American music (created in this nation)

Jazz originated in New Orleans and moved North with the migration.

JAZZ GREATS:

1. Louis Armstrong

2. Bessie Smith Slide100
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Duke Ellington made his debut at the Cotton Club in 1927Slide103
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Louis Armstrong

From New Orleans

Trumpet Player (soloist)

“Satchmo” Slide105

Bessie Smith “Empress of the Blues”

Singer (vocalist) Slide106

Jazz for Bears in the Park Slide107

The Harlem Renaissance: Harlem Renaissance-an explosion of African American culture during the 1920s in the New York neighborhood of Harlem of black writers, poets, artists and musicians. African American Writers:Claude McKay-writer who wrote about ordinary African Americans struggling for dignity and advancement in the face of discrimination.

Langston Hughes

-the most powerful literary voice of his time. He celebrated African culture and life.

Zora Neale Hurston –

in her book,

Their Eyes Were Watching God,

she talked about the independence women were seeking in society.Slide108

Langston Hughes Slide109

Zora Neal HurstonSlide110

History Channel Video: Harlem Renaissance (3min)Slide111

Significance of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s 1. The movement gave a voice to African American culture2. Promoted black creativity and pride in the African American community 3. Jazz spread to Europe and other nations around the world. Slide112

N.A.A.C.P.-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1920Slide113

Women in the 1920s Young women were more independentVoted, some went to college Had more free time thanks to new technology-vacuum cleaners, washing machines,… Many young women worked: secretaries, teachers, nurses Became major consumersNumber of children declined,

New Ideal: “Flappers” –loose dresses, shorter dresses, bobbed hair, smoking, consuming alcoholSlide114

Education in the 1920s***The number of Americans attending high school grew rapidly (p447) Americans were more informed because of radio and newsmagazines (mass media) Many realized they needed more education for the jobs in society

More people attended college

Helped promote the rise of a

YOUTH CULTURE:

Sports, time with friends, dancing, fads, musicSlide115

Important Americans of 1920s Charles Lindbergh—(1927) first nonstop flight from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis Babe Ruth—Baseball great F. Scott Fitzgerald –writer--coined the phrase “Jazz Age”, criticized the excesses of the 1920s in

The Great Gatsby

Earnest Hemingway

—writer—

A Farewell to Arms

Marcus Garvey

--Black activist who promoted black pride and a back to Africa movement

Harlem Renaissance writers and artists:

Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neal Hurston

Musicians of the 1920s:

Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Paul Robeson Slide116

http://www.history.com/shows/gangland/videos/playlists/historical-gangs#john-dillingerSlide117

Video: Fads of 1920s Fads of the 1920s: Pole Sitting Slide118

Snapshot of 1920s, 10 minutes