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BASEBALL A AUTOMATI QUESTIONANSWERE R Ber F Green Jr BASEBALL A AUTOMATI QUESTIONANSWERE R Ber F Green Jr

BASEBALL A AUTOMATI QUESTIONANSWERE R Ber F Green Jr - PDF document

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BASEBALL A AUTOMATI QUESTIONANSWERE R Ber F Green Jr - PPT Presentation

Alic K Wolf Caro Chomsky an Kennet Laugher y Lincol Laboratory Ifessachusett Institut o Technolog y Lexingto 73 Massachusett s Summar y Basebal i a compute progra tha answer s question phrase i ordinar Englis abou store d data Th progra read th ques ID: 56523

Alic Wolf Caro

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BASEBALL A AUTOMATI QUESTION-ANSWEREBer F Green Jr. Alic K Wolf Caro Chomsky an Kennet LaugherLincol Laboratory* Ifessachusett Institut o TechnologLexingto 73 MassachusettSummarBasebal i a compute progra tha answerquestion phrase i ordinar Englis abou storedata progra read th questio fro punchecards th word an idiom ar looke ui a dictionary th phras structur an othesyntacti fact ar determine fo a contenanalysis list attribute-valu pairspecifyin th informatio give an game i attribut Tea i modifie bWinning an Gam i modifie b Numbe of yieldinTeam . . s = ? (winningG***(number of =Mont = JulDictionarTh dictionar definitions whic arexpresse a attribute-valu pairs ar use bth linguisti par o th progra i generatinth spe list A complet definitio fo a woro idio include a par o speech fo us i phras structure a meaning foi analyzin content a indicatio o whetheth entr i a question-word e.g. wh o homany an a indicatio o whethe a wor occura par o an store idiom Separat diction ar kep fo word an idioms a idiobein an contiguou se o word tha functiona a unit havin a uniqu definitionTh meanin o a wor ca tak on osevera forms I ma b a mai o deriveattribut wit a associate value Fo exampleth meanin o th wor Tea i Tea =th meanin o Re So i Tea = Re Sox anth meanin o wh i Tea = ? Th meanin madesignat a subroutine togethe wit a particulavalue i th cas o modifier suc awinning any ho many Fo examplewinnin ha th meanin Subroutin A = WinningTh subroutine whic i execute b th contenanalysis th modifie Winnin t thattribut o th appropriat noun Som word mor tha on meaning th wor Bostoma mea eithe Plac = Bosto o Tea = Re SoxTh dictionar entr fo suc word contains iadditio t eac meaning th designatio o a subroutin tha select th appropriat meaninaccordin t th contex i whic th wor iencounted Finally som word suc a the didplay etc., hav n meaningDatTh dat ar organize i a hierarchicastructure lik a outline wit eac levecontainin on o mor item o informationRelationship amon item ar expresse b theioccurrenc o th sam list o o associatelists mai heading o highes leve o thstructure i th attribut Month Fo eac monthth dat ar furthe subdivide b place Beloeac plac unde eac mont i a lis o al playe a tha plac durin tha monthTh complet se o item fo on gam i founb tracin on pat throug th hierarchy i.eon lis a eac level Eac pat containvalue fo eac o si attributes e.g.Mont = JulPlac = BostoDa =Gam Seria No = 9(Tea = Re Sox Scor =5(Tea = Yankees Scor = 3Th parenthese indicat tha eac Tea mus bassociate wit it ow score whic i don bplacin the togethe o a sublistTh processin routine ar writte taccep an organizatio o th data I factthe wil accep a non-paralle organizatio iwhich example th dat migh b a abovfo al game throug Jul 31 an the organizeb place wit mont unde place fo th reso th season Th processin routine wil alsaccep a one-leve structur i whic eac gami a lis o al attribute-valu pair fo tha possibilit o hierarchica organizatiowa include fo generalit an potentiaefficiencyDetail o th PrograTh progra i organize int severasuccessive essentiall independen routineseac operatin o th outpu o it predecesso producin a inpu fo th routin thafollows linguisti routine includ read-in dictionar look-up syntactianalysis conten analysis Th processin includ th processo an th responderLinguisti RoutineQuestio Read-in A questio fo th prograi rea int th compute fro punche cardsTh questio i forme int a sequentia lis owordsDictionar Look-up Eac wor o thquestio lis i looke u i th wor dictionaran it definitio copied An undefine wordar printe out (i th future wit a directentr keyboard th compute ca as th questione t defin th unknow word i term oword tha i knows an s augmen it vocabulary lis i scanne fo possibl idiomsan contiguou word tha for a idio ar re b a singl entr o th questio list a associate definitio fro th idiodictionary A thi point eac entr o th lisha associate wit i a definition includin a par o speech a meaning an perhap otheindicatorsSyntax Th syntacti analysi i base oth part o speech whic ar syntacti categorie assigne t word fo us b th synta 225.routine ar Ik- part o speec ansevera ambiguit markersFirst questio i scanne fo ambiguitie i par o speech whic ar resolve isom case "b lookin a th adjoinin words ani othe case "b inspectin th entir questionFo example th wor scor ma h eithe a nou a verb ou rul i that i ther i n othemai ver i th question the scor i a verbotherwis i i a nounNext syntacti routin locate anbracket th nou phrases E 3 , an th prepositiona an adverbia phrases ( ) Th ver ilef unbracketed Thi routin i patterneafte th wor o Harri an hi associate ath Universit o Pennsylvania.proceed fro th en o th questio t thbeginning Nou phrases fo example ar i th followin manner certai parto speec indicat th en o a nou phrasewithi a nou phrase a par o speec macat tha th wor i withi th phrase o thath wor start th phrase o tha th wor i i th phrase whic mean tha th previouwor starte th phrase Prepositiona phraseconsis o a prepositio immediatel precedin a nou phrase Th entir sequence prepositioan nou phrase i enclose i prepositionabrackets exampl o a brackete questio ishow below[Ho man games di[th Yankees pla (i [july])Whe th questio ha bee bracketed an unbrackete prepositio i attache t th firsnou phras i th sentence an prepositionabracket added Fo example "Wh di th ReSo los t o Jul 5? become "(T [who ) diI th Re Sox los (o TJul 5 )?Followin th phras analysis th syntaroutin determine whethe th ver i activ opassiv an locate it subjec an objectSpecifically th ver is*passiv i an onl ith las ver elemen i th questio i a mai an th precedin ver elemen i som foro th ver t be Fo question wit activverbs a fre nou phras (on no enclose iprepositiona brackets i foun betwee tw verelements i marke Subject an th firs frenou phras i th questio i marke ObjectOtherwis th firs fre nou phras i th next i any i th object Fopassiv verbs th firs fre nou phras imarke Objec (sinc i i th objec i thactiv for o th question an al prepositionaphrase wit th prepositio b hav th nou withi the marke Subject I ther imor tha one th conten analysi late chooseamon the o th basi o meaningFinally th syntacti analysi check tse i an o th word i marke a a questioword I not a signa i se t indicat thath questio require a yes/n answerConten Analysis Th conten analysi useth dictionar meaning an th result o thsyntacti analysi t se u a specificatio lisfo th processin program Firs an subroutinfoun i th meanin o an wor o idio i thquestio i executed Th subroutine ar o twbasi types thos tha dea wit th meanin oth wor itsel an thos tha i som wa chang meanin o anothe word Th firs choose appropriat meanin fo a wor wit multiplmeanings fo example th subroutin mentione abov tha decides fo name o citieswhethe th meanin i Tea = A- o Plac = Ap secon typ alter o modifie th attributo valu o a appropriat syntacticall relateword Fo example on suc subroutin put itvalu i plac o th valu o th mai nou iit phrase Thu Tea = (blank i th phraseac tea become Tea = each i th phras whate~am i become Tea = ? Anothe subroutinmodifie th attribut o a mai noun ThuTea = (blank i th phras winnin tea become = th questio "Whbea th Yankee o Jul 4?" thi subroutinefoun i th meanin o beat modifie thattribut o th subjec an object s thaTea = ? an Tea = Yankee ar rendere = ? an Team(losing = YankeesAnothe subroutin combine thes tw operationsi bot modifie th attribut an change thvalu o th mai noun = (blank ith phras si game become - &, an i th phras ho man game becomeGame(numbe of =Afte th subroutine hav bee executedth questio i scanne t consolidat thosattribute-valu pair tha mus b represente oth specificatio lis a a singl entry Foexample "Wh wa th winnin team... Tea = ? an Team/winning = (blank mus b collapse intTeam(winning = • Next successiv scan wilcreat an sublist implie b th syntacti o th question Finally th composit fo eac phras i entere ont th list Dependin o it complexity eacphras furnishe on o mor entrie fo th listTh resultin spe lis i printe i outlinform t provid th questione wit som intermediat feedbackProcessin RoutinProcessor Th specificatio lis indicatet th processo wha par o th store dat irelevan fo answerin th inpu question Th processo extract th matchin informatio froth dat an produces fo th responder thanswe t th questio i th for o a lisstructureTh cor o th processo i a searc routintha attempt t fin a match o eac pat o a give dat structure fo al th attribute-valupair o th spe list whe a matc fo th wholspe lis i foun o a give path thes pairrelevan t th spe lis ar entere o a founlist particula spe lis pai i considerematche whe it attribut ha "bee foun o a dat pat and eithe th dat valu i th sama th spe value o th spe valu i ? o eachi whic cas an valu o th particula attributi a match Matchin i no alway straightforward Derive attribute an som modifieattribute ar function o a numbe o attributeo a pat an mus b compute befor th valueca b matched Fo example i th spe entr Hom Tea = Re Sox th actua hom tea foa particula pat mus b compute fro th an team tha pat befor th spevalu Re So ca b matche wit th computedat value Sublist als requir speciahandlin becaus th entrie o th sublis mussometime b considere separatel an sometimea a uni i variou permutationsTh foun lis produce b th searc routini a hierarchica lis structur containin onmai o derive attribut o eac leve o eac pat o th foun lis represent thinformatio extracte fro on o mor path oth data Fo example fo th questio "Wherdi eac tea pla i singl pat th foun list fo eac tea whicplaye i July O th leve belo eac teamal place i whic tha tea playe i Jul o a lis tha i th valu o th attributPlace pat o th foun lis ma thu a condensatio o th informatio o man path o th searc dataMan inpu question contai onl on querya i th questio above i.e. Plac = ? Thesquestion ar answered wit n furthe processingb th foun lis produce b on executio oth searc routine Other requir simplcessin o al occurrence o th querie attribut o th generate foun list Th questio"I ho man place di eac tea pla irequire a coun o th place fo eac teamafte th searc routin ha generate th liso place fo eac teamOthe question impl mor tha on searca wel a additiona processing Fo a spe wit th valu every a compariso wit lis o al possibl value fo tha attributmus b mad afte th searc routin hagenerate list o foun value fo tha attributeThen onl thos foun lis path fo whical possibl value o th attribut exis shoulremai o th foun lis a th answe t thquestion th searc routine operatin o thifoun lis a th data i agai executed Ino generate a ne foun lis containin al thdat path fo whic al possibl value o thattribut wer found Likewise questioninvolvin a specifie number suc a k teams a searc fo whic teams a coun o thteam foun o eac path an a searc o thfoun lis fo path containin k teamsI general a questio ma contai implicio explici queries Sinc thes querie musb answere on a a time severa searches intermediat processing ar required Thfirs searc operate o th store dat whilsuccessiv searche operat o th foun lisgenerate b th precedin searc operationA a example conside th questio "O homan day i Jul di eigh teamspe lis iDa (numbe of = ? ; = JulyTea (numbe of = . O th firs implici questio whicteam i answered Th spe lis fo th firssearc iDa = Each = July = ? . Th foun dat i a lis o day i July foeac da ther i a lis o team tha playe otha date Followin thi search th processocount th team fo eac da an associate th wit th attribut Team O th seconsearch th spe lis iDa = ? ; Mont = July (numbe of = . Th foun dat i a lis o i Jul o whiceigh team played Afte thicesso count th coun t thfoun lis an i finishedResponder N attemp ha ye bee mad trespon i grammatica Englis sentences Insteadth fina foun lis i printed i outlin form question requirin a yes/n answer YE iprinte alon wit th foun list I th searcroutin foun n matchin data N i printe fo questions an N DAT fo al othe cases DiscussioFinally h ca ofte judg whethe th answei reasonableTh difference betwee Basebal an botautomati languag translatio an informatioretrieva shoul no b evident Th linguisti o th basebal progra ha a it mai goath understandin o th meanin o th questioa embodie i th canonica specificatio listSynta mus b considere an ambiguitie resolvei orde t represen th meanin adequatelyTranslatio program hav a differenformin th inpu passag fro on natura languagt another Meaning mus b considere anambiguitie resolve t th exten tha theeffec th correctnes o th fina translationI general translatio program ar concernemor wit synta an les wit meanin tha thBasebal programBasebal differ fro mos retrieva systemi th natur o it data Generall thrieva proble i t locat relevan documentsEac documen ha a associate se o indenumber describin it content Th retrievasyste mus fin th appropriat inde numberfo eac inpu reques an the searc fo aldocument bearin thos inde numbers Th basiproble i suc system i th assignmen o indecategories Baseball o th othe hand thattribute o th dat ar ver wel specified i n confusio abou them HoweverBaseball' derive attribute an modifier impla grea dea mor dat processin tha mosdocumen retrieva programs (Basebal doe beaa clos relatio wit th ACSI-M&TI systediscusse b Mille e a a th i96 Wester Compute Conference.3Th concep o th spe lis ca b use tdefin th clas o question tha th basebalprogra ca answer I ca answe al question spe lis consist o attribute-valu pairtha th progra recognizes Th attribute mab modifie o derived an th value ma bdefinit o queries An combinatio o attributevalu pair constitute a specificatio list wil b nonsense bu al ca b answeredTh numbe o question i th clas is ocourse becaus o th numerica valuesBu eve i al number ar restricte t twdigits progra ca answe million o meaningfu questionsTh presen program despit it restrictionsi a ver usefu communicatio device An questio tha doe no mee th restriction ca alway b broke u int severa simple progra usuall reject question canno handle i whic cas th questionema rephras hi question H ca als checth printe spe lis t se i th compute io th righ track i cas th linguisti prograha erre an faile t detec it ow errorNex StepN importan difficult i expecte iaugmentin th progra t includconnectives an relatio words Th o multiple-claus question als seem straightforward i th questione wilmar of fo th compute th boundarie o hiclauses. progra ca the dea wit thsubordinat clause on a a tim befor i dealwit th mai clause usin existin routinesO th othe hand i th synta analysi irequire t determin th claus boundarie awel a th phras structure a muc morsophisticate progra woul b requiredTh proble o recognizin an resolvinsemanti ambiguitie remain largel unsolvedDeterminin vha i mean b th questio "Di Re So wi mos o thei game i o a muc large contex tha thimmediat question Th compute migh answeal meaningfu version o th questio (w knoo migh as th questione whicmeanin h intended I general th facilitfo th compute t quer th questione ilikel t b th mos powerfu improvement woul allo th compute t increas itvocabulary t resolv ambiguities an perhapeve t trai th questione i th us o thprogramConsiderabl pain wer take t kee thprogra general Mos o th progra wil remaiunchange an intac i a ne context suc avotin records Th processin progra wil dat i an sor o hierarchica form ani indifferen t th attribute used Th syntaprogra i base entirel o part o speechwhic ca easil b assigne t a ne se o wordfo a ne context O th othe hand som o thsubroutine containe i th dictionar meaningar certainl specifi t baseball probabl eac contex woul requir certai subroutinespecifi t it Also eac contex migh introduc a numbe o modifier an derive attribute woul hav t b define i term o speciasubroutine fo th processor Hopefully al occasion fo chang hav bee isolate i a smal are o specia subroutines s tha thmai routine ca b unaltered However untiw hav actuall switche contexts w canno sadefinitivel tha w hav bee successfu i a genera question-answerin programAcknowledgmenTh Basebal progra wa conceive bFredric C Frick Olive G Selfridge anGeral P Dineen whos continue guidanc i gratefull acknowledgedReference1 A Newel an F Tonge "A introductio tInformatio Processin Languag V" CommunAssoc Computin Mach. Vol 3, pp 2052112 th projec summary "b Z S Harris iCurren Researc an Developmen i ScientifiDocumentatio No 6 pp 52-53, Hat'Science Foundation J&y3 L Miller J Minker W G Reed an w EShindle multi-leve fil structur foinformatio processing" Proceeding WesterJoin Compute Conference Vol IT� px 5359