What types of energy are there How is energy converted Two Types of Energy All energy can occur as two types potential or kinetic energy 7 energy conversions Acronym Mrs Chen M echanical ID: 760470
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Slide1
Energy Resources
Slide2Building Background
What types of energy are there?
How is energy converted?
Slide3Two Types of Energy
All energy can occur as two types: potential or kinetic energy
Slide47 energy conversions
Acronym: Mrs. Chen
M
echanical
R
adiant
S
ound
C
hemical
H
eat
E
lastic
N
uclear
Slide5Mechanical Energy
The sum of an object’ s kinetic and gravitational potential energy
Slide6Radiant (Light) Energy
Energy produced by vibrations of electrically charged particles
Slide7Sound Energy
Energy caused by an object’s vibration
Slide8Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds of a substance that can be released when the substance reacts
Slide9Heat(thermal) Energy
Energy related to particle motion. More motion more heat
Slide10E
lastic Potential Energy
Elastic potential energy-energy stored in elastic
(ex: rubber band)
Slide11Nuclear Energy
The form of energy associated with changes in the nucleus of an atom when it splits(fission) or comes together(fusion)
Slide12Why is the sun so important?
All of our energy can be traced back to our sun.
Slide13Energy Conversions in Plants
Light energy
is given to plants to form
chemical energy
which is given to us for
kinetic or thermal energy
!
(or others..)
Slide14Energy Conversions in Plants
ALL food’s energy comes from the SUN
EVEN meat… animals eat plants and we eat animals
Slide15Conversions involving electrical energy
Common conversions of electrical energy
Alarm Clock
Electrical
energy
light energy and sound energy
Battery
Chemical energy
electrical energy
Light bulb
Electrical
energy
light energy and thermal energy
Blender
Electrical
energy
kinetic energy and sound energy
Slide16Chemical energy in your body is converted into kinetic energy when your muscle fibers contract and relax
Your legs transfer this kinetic energy to the pedals by pushing them around in a circle
The pedals transfer this kinetic energy to the gear wheel, which transfers kinetic energy to the chain
The chain moves and transfers energy to the back wheel, which gets you moving!
Slide17Summarizer Activity
How does energy change form?
Slide18Two Types of Resources
Frayer Diagram
Slide19Energy Resources
Primary Energy Resources
Slide20N RO EN SR OE UN RE CW EA SBLE
Slide21Fuels and Energy text pgs. 164-165 answer ?s 1-5 of reading guide
A
fuel
is a substance that provides a form of energy--such as heat, light, electricity, or motion—as a result of a chemical change. Energy can be converted (changed) from one form to another.
Activity:
Rub your hands together quickly for several seconds.
Did you feel them becoming warmer? When you moved your hands, they had mechanical energy, the energy of motion. The friction of rubbing your hands together converted some of this mechanical energy to thermal energy, which you felt as heat. Energy
is
converted from one form to another.
Slide22The process of burning a fuel is called combustion.
Science Geeks combustion
Energy stored in fuels
can
be used to generate electricity.
Slide23What are Fossil Fuels? Text pgs. 166-167 RG #s 6-15
Formed hundreds of millions of years ago from the remains of:dead plants dead animals
Slide24Three main fossil fuels:
1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural gas
Slide25Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are energy-rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide and water. This process releases energy in the forms of heat and light.Fossil fuels have more hydrocarbons per kg than most other fuels. For this reason, they are excellent source of energy. Combustion of one kg of coal, for example, provides twice as much heat as burning one kg of wood. Oil and natural gas provide three times the energy of wood.
Slide26Combustion of Fossil Fuels
Hydrogen
Carbon
Energy
Slide27Production of Electricity Energy 101- Electricity Generation
Fuels contain stored chemical energy, which can be released by burning. The process of burning a fuel is called
combustion
. For example, most cars use a fuel called gasoline.
The energy
stored
in fuels can be used to generate electricity. In most power plants, the thermal energy produced by burning fuel is used to boil water,
making steam
. The mechanical energy of the steam turns the
blades of a turbine
. The shaft of the turbine is connected to a
generator
. The generator consists of
powerful magnets
surrounded by coils of copper wire. As the shaft rotates, the magnets turn inside the wire coil, producing an
electric current.
The electric current flows through power lines to homes and industries.
Slide28How is electricity made and distributed
First – some type of
fuel
is
combusted
and used to heat water and changes to
steam
Next – Turns a
turbine
(or piston)
Next – energy is collected in a
generator,
producing electricity
Next – transformer will
step up
the voltage
Next – travels through high voltage
lines
Next – a substation
transformer
reduces
power
to be used locally
Next – Distribution lines take it to your
home
Last – You turn on the
lights
!
Jensen Steam Engine
Hero's Engine Demo
Slide29Fossil Fuel Formation
How are they made?
Slide30Four things needed to change ancient living things into Fossil Fuels
Saturated Environment
Must have moist environment (swamp,
sea, ocean)
Anaerobic
Lacks exposure to air; so things don’t rot; no oxygen
Tremendous Pressure
Layers and layers of sediment compress
remains
Tremendous Heat
Piles of sediments create heat as
layers and layers build
Slide31Let’s start with coal.Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains.
Advantages:
Easy to transportMost plentiful fuel in USProvides lots of energy when burned
Disadvantages:
Dangerous job
Destroys ecosystems
Produces the most CO2 when burned along with other poisonous gases
Contributes to acid in streams and in rain
Slide32Stages of Coal
Pete Likes Biting Antsclip
Stages of coal:1. Peat (hence the word Pete)2. Lignite 3. Bituminous4. AnthraciteCoal is mined from the ground either by stripping the land or digging deep mines.
Slide33Coal Formation
How is coal formed?
Coal is a solid
fossil fuel
formed from
plant remains
. Coal is formed from the remains of trees and other plants that grew in a
swamp
, hundreds of millions of years ago. Layers of dead organic material settle to the swamp’s bottom forming a basic fuel called
peat
. Over time, the peat continues to be
compressed
and as it ages, it changes into a more dense material called
lignite
.
Eventually lignite changes to
bituminous coal
then into
anthracite coal
. Finally, coal may change into
?
, but rarely.
Slide34How do they get it?
Take a ride into a mine
Strip Mining and Shaft Mining
Coal Power Plant
(PA’s future???)
Slide35Oil (clip) and Natural GasText pgs. 168-169RG #s 16-23
Oil – LIQUID fossil fuel AKA petroleum(16) formed from decaying plant and microscopic animals over million of yearsFuels most cars, airplanes, trains, and ships(17)The US consumes a third of all the petroleum produced in the world3% of the world’s petroleum is located in the USScientists can use sound waves(18) to test an area for oil without drillingOil directly from the earth is called CRUDE oil.(19)
Slide36Petroleum (oil)
Edwin Drake couldn’t possibly have known what he started when he drilled the first oil well in Titusville, PA, in 1859. Oil had been known before that event for thousands of years , but it was used only in limited ways, such as lighting, cooking, and the waterproofing of ships.
After 1859, the availability of oil greatly increased its demand. It soon became a necessity after the invention of the internal combustion engine, and the introduction of Henry Ford’s Model T car in 1910.
The Story Of Petroleum
drilling for oil wkst.pdf
Slide37Oil must be REFINED or cleaned before it can be used. A factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating called a refinery (20).
Fractional Distillationoil refinery products key
Slide38Oil
Advantages:Makes many products through petrochemicals (21) (compounds made from oil such as synthetic rubber, medicines, plastics, paints, textiles, etc.) Great lubricantGreat energyMore than 50% is consumed for transportationAlso widely used for heating homes and fuel for power plants
Disadvantages:Destroys ecosystemsPossibly catch on fireAir pollution when burned1 out of 6 wells drilled produce useable oilMostly purchased from other countries (global dependency)Oil spills during drilling and transport
Slide39Natural Gas a mixture of methane and other gasesHistory of Natural Gas (includes fracking)
Forms from the same organisms as petroleumIt is less dense than oil, so it often rises above the oil deposit (23)Can also get trapped in porous rock such as shale
Pipelines transport gas from its source to the places where it is used. It can be compressed into a liquid and is stored in tanks as fuel for trucks and buses
Slide40Do not confuse Natural Gas with gasoline!
Advantages:Produces large amounts of energy (22) Lowest levels of pollutants (CO2) than coal and oilCan be compressed to a liquid for transporting
Disadvantages:Leaks can cause violent explosions or fire (no odor)Destroys ecosystemsMay taint groundwaterPossibly triggers earthquakesHighly flammable (22)
Slide41Fossil Fuels
AdvantagesDisadvantagesCost (relatively cheap to produce)Already have Fossil Fuel plantsProvides lots of energyPollution (both land and air) Nonrenewable (24)resource (we will eventually run out of Fossil Fuels)
Slide42Fossil Fuel Shortages
Fossil fuels are limited - they take a very long time to replace –take hundreds of millions of years to form (25)New sources of energy are needed to (25) replace decreasing fossil fuel reservesConservation of fossils fuels is the best way to provide energy for the future!Make sure your dishwasher is full Turn your refrigerator downTurn the water off while brushing your teethTurn off the lights when you leave a roomKeep your heat a little lower and your air conditioning a little higherWalk, ride a bike or take public transportation when possible
Slide43Detour
The Problems for Nonrenewable Resources
SEE GLOBAL WARMING PPT AND CLIPS
Slide44Nuclear Energy text pgs. 181-185
Non-renewable even though we have plenty of Uranium to last a very long time. The central core of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons is called the 1.nucleus.Two types of nuclear reactions – 2.fission and fusionfission and fusion explained3. Nuclear reactions convert matter into energy.Albert Einstein’s formula,4. E= mc2, describes the relationship between energy and matter.
Fission
Slide45Fission
5. Nuclear fission– the splitting of an atomic nucleus (of a 6. Uranium 235 atom, an isotope into two smaller nuclei, during which nuclear energy is released. This energy produces heat which boils water which spins the turbine which drives the generator to produce electricity. Radioactive wastes are produced.Once the first nucleus (the center core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons) is split, it continues to split in a process called a nuclear chain reaction
Slide46How is electricity produced in a nuclear power plant?
How a nuclear reactor works
Slide47Parts of a Reactor
B. Reactor VesselA. Fuel Rod D. Control rodC.Heat exchanger
Is where nuclear fission occursContains the UraniumControls the reaction(usually made from cadmium or boron)Changes hot water to steam
Slide48Nuclear Energy (Fission)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nonrenewable resource but TONS of Uranium around to last a LONG time!
No air pollution from poisonous gases
Harmful radiation potential
Radioactive wastes
13.
remain dangerous for thousands of years) –difficult to dispose of)
12
. Meltdown
( fuel rods start to melt)
Security
(terrorism target)
Expensive to build and maintain
Slide4914.Nuclear Fusion - the combining of two atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus
One kind of hydrogen (H2) has one proton and one neutron and the other kind (H3) has one proton and two neutrons. The tremendous heat and pressure cause them to combine and create a helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons. This helium nucleus has slightly less mass than the total mass of the two hydrogen nuclei. The difference is converted into energy.
Slide50Nuclear Energy (Fusion)
Advantages
Disadvantages
15.Resource water is readily available
No air pollution from poisonous gases
Produces much more energy per atom than fission
15.Difficult to control large-scale fusion reaction
Extreme temperatures and pressure are needed
Takes more energy to generate than it creates
Slide51Nuclear Disasters
Chernobyl and Three Mile Island Revisited
Chernobyl disaster
Understanding the Accident of Fukushima Disaster
Slide52R R E E N S E O W U A R B C L E E S
Slide531-2 Energy from the Sun
Energy From the
Sun
Solar Energy
Slide54Passive Solar Heating
In passive solar-heating systems, the windows of a building are positioned so that sunlight enters directly and heats the building. Shades keep the heat in at night. Awnings are constructed to keep too much heat from entering during the summer.
Slide55Active Solar Heating
Energy from the sun heats tubes filled with water in the solar collector. This heated liquid travels to the water storage tank. The water in the tank is heated up because of the hot tubes. This heated water is sent to various areas in the house for hot water.
Slide56Solar Cells
Solar Cells (AKA photovoltaic cells) convert sunlight directly into electricity. Silicon is used to stimulate a flow of electrons across the cell. This flow of electrons IS an electric current!
Slide57Power Towers
An
array of mirrors focuses sunlight onto a boiler mounted on a tower. The boiler produces steam which spins the turbine to drive the generator which creates electricity.
Slide58Solar Energy
AdvantagesDisadvantagesRenewable (free fuel)Tremendous potential(1 hour of sunlight = electricity for one year) No pollutionCost - very expensiveNo sun = no energyNeed back up for cloudy days and nightTakes up a large space
Slide59Wind Power
Indirect form of solar energy because without the sun we would have no wind!Wind spins the turbine to drive the generator which creates electricity.
Slide60Wind Energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Renewable (free fuel)
No pollution
No wind = no energy
Takes up a lot of space
birds
in turbines
Bats can die!
Slide61Water Power (Hydroelectric)
Indirect form of solar energy because without the sun we would have no water cycle!How it works
Slide62Water Energy
AdvantagesDisadvantagesRenewable (free fuel)No pollutionRelatively inexpensiveLimited locationsHarmful to environment (flooding, plant and fish)Most places that can be dammed are already
Slide63Geothermal Energy
Energy produced from the heat energy within the Earth itself.Steam from geysers can heat homesWell can be dug where water is heated to produce steamground source geothermal
Slide64Geothermal Energy
AdvantagesDisadvantagesRenewable (free fuel)No pollutionConstant temperatures close to surface if earth50-55 degreesLimited locations for volcanic accessMust have big enough area for install
Slide65Tidal Energy
When the movement of water going from high tide to low tide is captured, energy can be produced.
The movement of water turns the turbine…etc.Disadvantages – very limited locationswave energy example
Slide66Tidal Energy
AdvantagesDisadvantagesRenewable (free fuel)No pollutionLimited locations (only along coastlines)Animals can be caught in turbines
Slide67Biomass
Any materials that come from living things.This material can be burned to produce heat. algae to fuel
═
═
E
NERGY
SUGARCANE
SEAWEED
SUN-FLOWER
CORN
HUSKS
Slide68Biomass Energy
AdvantagesDisadvantagesInexhaustible fuel source Alcohols (like ethanol) and other fuels produced by biomass are efficient, viable, and relatively clean-burning Available throughout the world Could contribute a great deal to global warming and particulate pollution if directly burned Still an expensive source in terms of how much energy is used to produce it
Slide69Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that accounts for 75 percent of the entire universe's mass. Hydrogen is found on Earth only in combination with other elements such as oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. To use hydrogen, it must be separated from these other elements.
Slide70Hydrogen Key technology for the future
Today, hydrogen is used primarily in ammonia manufacturing, petroleum refining and synthesis of methanol. It's also used in NASA's space program as fuel for the space shuttles, and in fuel cells that provide heat, electricity and drinking water for astronauts. Fuel cells are devices that directly convert hydrogen into electricity. In the future, hydrogen could be used to fuel vehicles (such as the DaimlerChrysler NeCar 4shown in the picture to the right) and aircraft, and provide power for our homes and offices.
How hydrogen fuel is made