1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

AP World History Slide2

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning.Slide3

Mesopotamian Architecture

Built ziggurats out of mud bricks

Cities were organized around the ziggurat temple with an outer wall for protection

Kings began to build palaces to rival the temples Slide4

Mesopotamian Architecture

Rebuilt ziggurat in UR

Ordinary citizens lived in reed hutsSlide5

Egyptian Pyramids

Built for the burial of pharaoh’s and their families and servants

Filled with goods needed by the

ka

in the afterlife

Used mummification to preserve the physical bodies of the deadSlide6

Egyptian Temples

The Sphinx

Karnak

Temple

Historians can’t figure out how they built it so well and with such detailSlide7

Shang Architecture

Houses were built with timber and thatch roofing

Tombs were dug in clay with walls decorated with paintings of animals and characters

Houses were laid out in rows with a palace/temple in the centerSlide8

Indus Architecture

Cities were well planned and laid out

They had organized sewage and trash systems

Used kiln-baked bricks for building

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY Slide9

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

B. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship Slide10

Mesopotamian Art

Little paintings exist

Sculptures and reliefs are usually of gods or goddesses, political figures, or of war Slide11

Egyptian Art

Usually on the walls of tombs and temples

Statues are mainly of political figuresSlide12

Shang and Bronze

Used bronze mainly for ritual and war

Identified the upper class citizens

Nobles, shamans, and kingsSlide13

Indus Valley

Did not leave tombs like Mesopotamia or Egypt

Small statues of animals and people have been found Slide14

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

C. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused. Slide15

Mesopotamian Record Keeping

They developed a system called cuneiform

Oldest known written language Slide16

Egyptian Record Keeping

Hieroglyphics

Deciphered in the 1800’s after Napoleon found the Rosetta Stone

Hieratic script

Used for everyday writingSlide17

Shang Writing

Oracle Bones

A shaman would inscribe a question, break the bones, and then interpret the breaks

Led to the Chinese writing system used today

5,000 characters developed by end of the ShangSlide18

Indus Writing System

Has not been decipheredSlide19

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

D. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people

.

Hammurabi’s Code Analysis ActivitySlide20

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

E. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods Slide21

Religion in Mesopotamia

Polytheistic

3,000 gods and goddesses

Hereditary priesthood

Represent nature

Humans were created as servant to the gods

Negative environmental occurrences meant the gods were angry

Pessimistic view of life

Epic of Gilgamesh

Mono

theistic

Zoroastrianism

Idea of a dualistic

nature

Concept

of Hell

Mainly in modern Iran

Judaism

Developed by the pastoralist Abraham

Main city was UrSlide22

Religion in Egypt

Polytheistic

Ra-Sun

God

Osiris- God of the Underworld

City gods

Emphasis was on the next world

Mummification

Tombs

Book of the Dead

contains major ideas of the

religion

Akhenaton attempted monotheism centered around

Amon

-Ra, but it failedSlide23

Religion in Indus Valley

Unclear

Vedas are oral hymns that are written down in the next time period, but the hymns probably existed during this eraSlide24

Religion in Shang China

Polytheistic

Ancestor worship

Belief that the ancestors were still active in this world

Honored them with shrines and offerings to appease them Slide25

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

F.

Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and trans-regional, with

civilizations exchanging

goods, cultural ideas, and technology.Slide26

TradeTrade routes did exist

Evidence of Mesopotamian pottery in the Indus Valley

Intra-regional trade was more common

Egypt was cut off by the desert and delta, but did trade south into

Nubia

China cut off due to Gobi desert and Himalayas

Syria-Palestine trade route most organized system at this timeSlide27
Slide28

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

G. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied.Slide29

Social Hierarchies

Became more complex as political centers expanded

Warriors became body guards to royals families

Royal families often isolated themselves to maintain an aura of prestige and divinity

Expansion of specialized labor allowed for larger middle class, but lowered farmer’s status

Blacksmiths were thought to be able to perform magic

Tension between priest and political powers intensified Slide30

Gender Hierarchies

Women became more and more subservient in the upper classes as men wielded more and more political power

Middle and lower class women had more freedoms (socially) as they were an important part of families economic well being

Mesopotamia

Could divorce, but not own land

Egypt

Could divorce, own land, start businesses, etc

Some female Pharaohs

Hatshepsut and Nefertiti Slide31

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art.

H. Literature was also a reflection of culture

.

Rig Veda, Book of the Dead, and Psalm

Activity