2000et al.: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas - PDF document

2000et al.: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas INTRODUCTIONSkuas of the Northern Hemisphere feed on a variety of itemsand use different foraging techniques (Furness 1987). Fromthe literature it became evident that the same holds true alsofor their southern counterparts. A detailed knowledge of foodcomposition and consumption appears to be an importantresearch object because reproduction is known to be affectedby changes in food abundance in the Great Skua Catharacta 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas 1996) the versions with the least information have beenbeing received from four biologists. Deadline for our reviewwas 1 August 1998.Sources of data in tables are numbered and refer to the num- Food studies that provide semi-quantitative data (percentage figures) for Southern Hemisphere skuas, with four cat-guins, ‘Garbage’ contains kitchen refuse as well as seal carcasses. Numbers in parentheses are the number of studies, the cir- (1990), Pietz (1987), Ryan & Moloney (1991), Stahl & Mougin (1986), Wang & Norman (1994), Moncorps (1996)and Reinhardt (1997b) are excluded. Both studies revealed an even higher importance of fish in the diet of the South Polar Taxa Food Foraging mode Region ReferenceBrown SkuaHartlaub’s Gull PSW of Cape of Good Hope146L. novaehollandiae?New Zealand158PIslands south off New Zealand54PIslands south off New Zealand60petrels, unidentified?Balleny Island137diving petrels, unidentified?Solander Island25penguins, unidentified?Balleny Island137PIslands south off New Zealand60 Haliotis virgineaPIslands south off New Zealand60garbage, cephalopodsSAustralian coast156sheep fleshSIslands south off New Zealand22sheep fleshSMaritime Antarctic111fisheries refuseSTasman Sea, Australian Shelf,10, 25, SW of Cape of Good Hope82, 146 South Polar Skuasheep fleshSMaritime Antarctic 111 Food itemForaging modeSampling techniqueReferencepenguins, unidentifiedSC63sp.?P129sp.?P129?P129fish, unidentifiedK, SO, C, R12, 62, 63, 129, 133crustaceans (‘red shrimp’)?C132cirripeds?C63garbage meatSC63‘fish etc.’ (?)?C141Foraging modeSampling techniqueReferenceP, SO127PO30, 75, 76, 127, 153, 157P, SO30, 76, 127, 157penguins, unidentifiedP, S?182??76PP30, 76, 157Chloeophaga pictaP, S?181,182P?181??30, 76P?110, 181SO182 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuasFood speciesForaging modeSampling techniqueReferenceSO, P41, 42, 50, 138, 139, 144?P41, 138PP41, 42, 139, 144, 179PP42?P50PP41, 42, 50, 138, 139PP41, 42, 138, 139PP33?P139PP41, 42?P41, 42, 139, 144, 179?P41, 138, 139?P41, 42, 138, 139?P41, 42, 138, 139?P41, 50, 138, 139PR36?P41, 138, 139?P41, 139sp.?P139?P144sp.?P41, 50, 139 (1998) found diet differenceslack of published data although quantitative data for the pre- Food speciesSampling method per regionReference378P, OP, O9, 66, 127, 142, 152, 165P, OPP101, 107, 127, 142, 145, 152, 155PO, ?9, 16, 31, 101, 146, 152P, OP2, 84, 142, 145, 146, 152, 153P72, 145?39penguins, unidentifiedOO9, 27, 152, 173P101PO101, 146O39O53sp.P79, 142, 152OP53, 101, 152P101PP2, 46, 65, 71, 86, 88, 102, 107, 131, 142, 148, 152, 159PPP14, 67, 71, 79, 83, 86, 88, 101, 145, 148, 152, 160, 165P, OP, O2, 13, 58, 65, 83, 142, 146, 152, 159, 186, 189PP1, 131, 159P88P83, 84, 148, 173prions, unidentifiedPP46, 154PP71, 84, 88PPP1, 2, 46, 79, 84, 101, 131, 142, 152P83, 84P84P71, 84, 145, 148, 154, 159P1, 2, 46, 86, 88, 107, 131, 142, 152P, O1, 2, 86, 131, 142, 146, 152P83, 157P, OP1, 2, 46, 71, 84, 131, 142, 148, 152PP71, 84, 86, 88, 107, 145, 148, 152, 154, 159sp.P134PPP84, 101, 131, 152PP84, 88, 152, 173PP, O134, 154, 186, 189PP101, 152P, OPP58, 71, 83, 84, 88, 101, 108, 134, 148, 152, 159, 173, 186P, OP, O86, 107, 108, 142, 152diving petrels, unidentifiedO146P86, 131P159O, P9, 86, 123P145O, P93, 101OPO46, 110, 134, 186OP84, 110P, O86, 107P1, 131, 142, 152P46, 88P134P135 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas spp. are used to a lesser extent, but 1997), the myctophid fish was recorded in the diet (K. Reinhardt 1998) (1990), Pietz (1987),components underestimate the soft items such as station gar-flesh Food speciesSampling method per regionReference378P, OP, OP, O7,9,67,69,72,107,120,142,145,146,148,152,155P, O127, 152, 155O18sp.PO, CP9, 145, 152, 155P88, 178PP18, 29, 67, 72, 86, 145, 148, 152O186sp.P152unidentifiedO, C107mussels, unidentifiedO177P145P152P145sp.P84PP145, 152O155copepods, unidentifiedO152amphipods, unidentifiedO155cephalopods, unidentifiedP155kitchen refuseOP, O146, 152, 155, 165fisheries refuseO146 (1996) studied the stomach contents of adult South Polar Skuas.or when recorded. This figure should be taken with caution since theFood itemForagingSamplingReferencemodetechniqueSP87,119,171, 180S, PP, O, R, F4, 21, 26, 34, 45, 78, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 106,penguins, unidentified?C137PP, O45, 98, 100, 119, 171PP, O15, 45, 48, 49, 87, 98, 109, 122, 135?P, C45, 137PP, O, R, C17, 34, 45, 48, 56, 77, 78, 87, 98, 109, 135, 137, 140, 168, 171PP, O, C45, 78, 98, 137, 171petrels, unidentified?O26S, KP, O21, 26, 34, 45, 78, 87, 119, 171SP45?R92sp.?P171PO, R34, 87, 92, 98, 184, 185, 188LiparidaePR84unidentifiedP, SO, F, P, R, C4, 45, 78, 92, 117, 137, 147, 171, 187unidentified?R, F92mussels, unidentified?R, F92polychaetesPP, R171amphipodsPP, R171starfish, unidentified?O187sp.PP, R171cephalopods, unidentifiedP?185 Gonatus ?P98 Moroteuthis ?P98 Psychrotenthis sp.?P98sp.PO34, 109kitchen refuse, garbageSP, O, R21, 40, 47, 87, 92, 109, 168, 171, 172, 187 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuasFood speciesForaging mode ofSamplingReferenceSPSMPBSS??P, SO, P, R5, 35, 102, 103, 115, 123, 149, 162, 163P, SO, P23, 111, 123, 162, 163P, SO, P, R6, 35, 99, 111, 123, 162, 163??P, SO, P, R57, 112, 115, 123?P?, O24, 111, 116PPP, O105, 111, 116, 175P?20SP?20, 57, 115sp.PP7PPP, R51, 94, 123P, S?PP20, 51, 57, 111, 115, 123, 136SSO74PO5P?O, P81, 111, 115, 123PPO, P8, 73, 111, 115, 123baleen whale, unidentifiedSO113SO113, 38SO111SP, R123PR, C57, 85, 115, 123sp.PPPR111PPR, C85, 123PC85?C123PC85PC85PC85PC85PC85unidentifiedK, PP?O, R19, 20, 80, 102, 104, 105, 112, 115sp.PPO52, 115P, S?O, P, R57, 99, 102, 115, 123??R121, 123PC85PC85amphipods, unidentified*PR111, 123?P111?R123?P111station garbageSSS, KO, P, R5, 23, 102, 111, 112, 115, 123 1988, 1998,Z. Wang pers. comm.) (1998) and Mougeot (1998) or the and Black-faced (Lesser) 1978) and 1998). Its occurrence in and (Hemmings 1984). Investigationsnate this problem. 1992). He could not completely solve thetial seasonal fluctuations of the diet. Skuas should represent Felis catus at Marion Island. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res.R.J. 1984. The marine ecology of birds in the Ross Sea, 32: 1–97. at Cape Crozier. 59: 1–20. 12: 161–174. 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas 12: 349–376. 11: 1–63. (Mathews) a l’ile de la Possession (iles 40: 77–103. 82: 56–59.PHILLIPPI, B. 1955. The geographic distribution of the and 72: 6–13 (cited in Humphrey at Marion Island. 13: 98–106. 27: 131–137. 89: 1–63. (Mathews), at Signy 15: 23: 212–220. 8: 145–187. (GMELIN), 8: 69–90. 68: 374–417. 55: 19–23. 1: 1–135. 80: 5–17. 32: 187–223.(35) EMSLIE, S.K., KARNOWSKY, N. & TRIVELPIECE, regurgitates an egg of the Gough Island Moor- 10: 121–122. 2: 1–288. 67: 292–299. 20: 381–382. 55: 192–195. during the 195: 1–23. near Davis, Antarc- 6: 185–186. 9:132–137. breeding and the krill requirement of theSc. Exp. to Tristan da Cunha 1937–1938 20: 1–248. 299: 285–289. 13: 221. in Shet- 223: 175–188. 15: 120–122. Catharacta maccormicki at Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 218: 1970).(66) HUNTER, S. 1991. The impact of avian predator-Bull. (Stockholm) 20: 375–397. 231: 468. 73: 25–26.(70) JOHNSTONE, G.W. 1972. Bird notes from a summer trip 10: 52–56. 27: 11–20. 79: 19–23. (Gmelin, 1789) auf King 34: 317– 66: 293–297(76) LAMEY, C.S. 1995. Chick loss in the Falkland Skua 137: 231–236. nesting in Dronning Maud Land. 102: 75: 43–51. 1: 561–592.parasitism by South Polar Skuas on Blue-eyed Shags in(81) MAXSON, S.J. & BERNSTEIN, N.P. 1984. Breeding 86: 401–409. 1: 1–12. 31: 209–223. 27: 133–146. at the South Shetland 4, 9 pp.(86) MONCORPS, S., CHAPUIS, J.-L., HAUBREUX, D. & on the Kerguelen Archipelago: com- 19: 9–16.Rech. Antarct. 36, 1–196. Condor 75: 127–131.Adelie Penguins. In: LLano, G.A. (Ed.). Adaptations withinAntarctic ecosystems.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian at Cape Bird, Ross 15: 453–455.(96) *NEILSON, D.R. 1983. Ecological and behavioral 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas 10: 489–493.(99) NOVATTI, R. 1978. Notas ecológicas y etológicas sobre 237: 25–108. 63: 14–22.(101) OSBORNE, B.C. 1985. Aspects of the breeding biology on Bird Island, South Georgia. 20–29.(103) PARMELEE, D.F. 1988. The hybrid skua – a southernlogical observations at Brabant Island, Antarctica. 67: 7–12. 31: 312–319. 8: 111–234. and at South Georgia. 6: 299–318. in Dronning Maud Land. 113: 43–45. 117: 201–218. 138: 410–419. 104: 617–627. 8: 19–47. 96: 173–206. (Lichten- 13: spp. – the influence of lati- Catharacta antarctica und 138: 199–213. 75: 69–75.H.-U. & MONTALTI, D. 1997. A hitherto unknown hy- 289: 279–284. 13: 65–101 (cited in Humphrey 31: 1–155.(Königin Maud Land, Ostantarktika). 9: 90–102. (Kuhl). 1: 141–194. 1: 271–279. 88: 16–19. 62: 52–58. 16: 34–40. 1970). on burrowing petrels at Marion 13: 41–44. 6: 23–25. 65: 119–124. predation techniques on land and at sea. 8: 3–6. 54: 147–159 84: 248–249.(149) SLADEN, W.J.L. 1958. The pygoscelid penguins, I: 17: 1–97.Kermadec Petrels, jaegers and skuas in the eastern tropical 110: 222–233. 113: 357–363. dans l’archipel Crozet. 56: 193–208. 77: 459–466. (Mathews) of South Georgia. 14: 1–25. 63: 297–303. 70: 411– 19: 133–135. 62: 53–60. Gmelin. 33: 1–55.(161) TRILLMICH, F. 1978. Feeding territories and breeding 95: 23–33. and Brown Skuas 124: 50–54. 97: 669–676.) at Georges Bank. 32: 300–302. 58: 47–49. 3: 45–55.around Zhongshan station, East Antarctica. (169) WANG, Z. 1994. The growth of chick in the South Polar 6: 23–33. Catharacta maccormicki in the eastern Larse- 13: 255–262. 32: 43–50. 26: 121–169. Polar Biol 89: 12: 40–46. Int. Council Bird Preserv. Tech. Publ. South Polar Skua 105: 201– 105: 301–318. 5: 401–416. 26: 124–125.(189) YOUNG, E.C., JENKINS, P.F., DOUGLAS, M.E. & 28: Review of the diets of Southern Hemisphere skuas