Benefits of On-line Monitoring of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus - PowerPoint Presentation

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Benefits of On-line Monitoring of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

New Jersey Water Environment AssociationHadi JamehdorShimadzu Scientific Instruments

North Central Region, Addison, IL

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Benefits of On-Line Monitoring

Environment

Consumers

Treatment Facilities

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Environmental Impact

Why Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus?

Potomac River

These elements

are nutrients and can enrich aquatic systemsThe problem is when we over enrich: Eutrophication

Because of their environmental impact

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Drinking Water: TOC

EPA established two drinking water Regulations:Stage 1 Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR)1 Protects customers from disinfectants and disinfectant byproducts (DBP)Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)1 Reduce microbial contamination in drinking water

Federal Register

, December 16, 1998, Volume 63, Number 241, or 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, and142

http

://www.epa.gov./OGWDW/mdbp/mdbp.html

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Response by EPA: Nitrogen & Phosphorus

States & EPA : issue permits to all wastewater treatment facilities that regulate pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus

“Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual for

Lakes & Reservoir” (EPA-822-B-00-001), released 5/2000

Rivers & Streams” (EPA-822-B-00-002), released 7/2000

Estuarines

and Coastal Waters” (EPA-822-B-00-003), released 10/2001

http://www.epa.gov/ost/criteria/nutrient/guidance/

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Total Organic Carbon

Consists of:Purgeable Organic Carbon (POC)Non-purgeable Organic Carbon (NPOC) i.e. TOC = POC + NPOCAnalysis: There are 2 methods, Difference method : TOC = (TC – IC)Direct method : TOC  NPOC (if no POC)

TOC (Total Organic Carbon):

Organic carbon bonding with hydrogen or oxygen to form organic compounds

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Measure the sample (dilute)

Decomposition :

680℃ with Pt catalyst

Inorganic Carbon Removal

Obtain

the

TOC Result

Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Agitate

Total Organic Carbon Measurement

Formation of CO

2

Removal of CO

2

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Total Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen (R-N)(Inorganic) Nitrate (NO3)(Inorganic) Nitrite (NO2)(Inorganic) Ammonia (NH3)Does not include:Nitrogen Gas (N2) Chemical unreactive and not very reactive biologically Not detected by TN Method

TN (Total Nitrogen):

Sum of Both Organic Nitrogen and Inorganic Nitrogen:

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Measure the sample (dilute)

Decomposition :

720℃ with Pt catalyst

Ozone

Obtain

the

TN Result

O

2

Electricity

Total Nitrogen Measurement

Formation of NO

Formation of NO

2

* , -> NO2, Photon Emission

Relaxation of NO

2

*

to NO

2

by emitting light

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Total Phosphorous Measurement

Measure(dilute) the sample

Decomposition : 95℃ with UV irradiation and

air

Sulfuric acid solution

Sodium hydroxide solution for pH control

Obtain

the TP

Result

L-ascorbic acid solution

Sulfuric acid ammonium

molybdate

Color the solution to blue

Measure 880nm absorbance of Phosphomolybdate blue

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COD, BOD & TOC

Permits are usually written on COD, BOD, or TOC

TOC can be used in place of COD or BOD after conversion trends (correlation) have been made.

Running COD or BOD and TOC in parallel

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COD, BOD & TOC

All treatment plants are required to measure one of these three items as a measure of the pollution value water. COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total measurement of all chemicals in the water that can be oxidized. BOD or Biological Oxygen Demand is supposed to measure the amount of food (or organic carbons) that bacteria can oxidize. TOC or Total Organic Carbon is the measurement of organic carbons.

What is the difference between BOD, COD or TOC? Why do I have to measure them?

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COD, BOD & TOC

COD

-

COD is a chemically chelated/thermal oxidation reaction and can be measured in 2 hours.

False Lows

and

False Highs

A COD test measures all organic carbon with the exception of certain aromatics (benzene, toluene, phenol, etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the reaction,

other reduced substances such as sulfides, sulfites, and ferrous iron will also be oxidized and reported as COD.

NH3-N (ammonia) will NOT be oxidized as COD.

No indication for nitrogen loading

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COD, BOD & TOC

BOD…

Two Types C-BOD & BOD

BOD5 measures the oxidation of carbons and possibly nitrogenous compounds present in a water sample. CBOD only measures oxidation of carbons.

5-day test

Need to do Both

Places where the nitrification of ammonia may not be complete (i.e., incomplete conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3)) or where high levels of amines or ammonia are present, false BOD readings may occur. This can occur in municipal lagoons, wineries and general industry.

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COD, BOD & TOC

BOD Uses and Limitations

BOD testing has its widest application in measuring waste loadings of treatment plants, and in evaluating the efficiency of treatment processes.

The

hard to degrade organics found in some of these systems also may take longer than five days to break down, so a BOD test will give an inaccurate measurement.

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COD, BOD & TOC

What is Total Organic Carbon?

Organic matter content is typically measured as total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, which components of the carbon cycle.

The Total Organic Carbon test measures all organic carbon as CO

2

TOC

does not

differentiate between

the source of

organic carbon, which can be metabolized (assimilated).

Total organic carbon

is

a more accurate indication of pollutants that cause

problems with

BOD

testing.

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Sampling Scheme

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Sampling Scheme

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On-Line Sampling Considerations

When selecting a sampling device Consider:

Particulates

Are there a lot of particulates?

Do I need to include them in my reading?

Concentration of Analyte

Are there special precautions based on level?

Do I need to consider environmental influences?

Number of Sampling Points

Can I monitor all necessary points?

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On-Line Sampling Considerations

Particulates can add to the complexities of collecting and analyzing samples.

Do you have particulates?

If yes will they interfere with the analysis

Do I need to consider them in my analysis?

Do they contribute to your analysis?

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On-Line Sampling Considerations

Performing low level analysis can be influenced by environmental influences such as contact with air or water used in the process.

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Multi-Stream

Suspended Solids Unit

Sample flows in the top and drains out the bottomActuators move the sampling arm into the streamSample flows down into the sampling chamber through the strainer removing larger particlesMixing blades homogenizes the sampleSystem back flushes then washes

Movie

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Multi-Stream Sample Switching Unit

Sample flows in the bottom and out the top

Some sample flows in lower chamber on the outside of the sample collection cup

Actuators move the stream to the sample collection chamber.

Reduces Sample-Air Contact

Eliminates need for washing

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Backwash Strainer Sampling Unit

Sample flows in the bottom and out the topAir pressure prevents sample from entering inner chamber until samplingAir is turned off and sample is filtered as it enters chamberSample flow dynamics self clean the sample mechanism

Movie

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Field Application: Waste Water Facility

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Onsite Installation

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Water Treatment Utility

WATER SOURCE

MANUAL TECHNIQUE

MONITORING

TECHNIQUE

CHEMICALS COST

(per Analysis)

Labor

(per Analysis)

Time

(per Analysis)

TREATMENT

Frequency

AUTOMATIC

TECHNIQUE

AUTOMATIC ADDITION

REDUCE ERROR

LAST LONGER

Hourly/Weekly/ Monthly

Biweekly

Variability

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Comparable Data

Manual vs Automatic

Total Nitrogen

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Manual vs Automatic Total Phosphorus

Comparable Data

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Monitoring Why Biweekly vs. Hourly ?

Manual: To reduce costTo reduce laborTo reduce time

Automatic: Reduces laborReduces timeReduces costHOURLY/DAILY/WEEKLY/ MONTHLY REDUCES COST OF POST TREATMENT FASTER RESPONSEIMPROVE WATER QUALITY

BIWEEKLY

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Manual vs Automatic Total Phosphorus

Hourly : More information Less labor Better quality

Biweekly

Hourly

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Hourly vs Biweekly…..Allows FASTER RESPONSE

Sudden Changes

Biweekly

TPK

Hourly

TP

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Benefits of On-Line Monitoring

Achieve Maximum Efficiency

Faster Response Better Treatment Cost Reduction

Reduce Labor Time Money

Flexibility of Sampling Hourly Daily Weekly Monthly

Automatic Sampling Pretreatment Digestion Analysis Report

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Thank You!

Special Thanks to