China: Political and Economic - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

China: Political and Economic Change

AP Comparative GovernmentSlide2

Political and Economic Change

China and Russia are similar in that they have had long periods of peace followed by great upheaval

During the 20

th

century,

both governments had to deal with complete regime

changes

China though, has had

hegemonic

power for centuries, where that type of dominance was elusive for Russia throughout much of its history

Under

dynastic

rule,

families would rise to power

with a belief in the

mandate of heaven

When

rulers

lost power and

influence,

another family would establish

their own

power

This

system was

interrupted by the rule of the Mongols, but was

reestablished, and lasted, for hundreds of years after Mongol rule

Change

in the early 20

th

century was

radical,

violent, and

chaotic,

which resulted in

the establishment of communismSlide3

Change Before 1949

The

long term stability of Chinese government

had many challenges to overcome. These included:

Control by Imperialistic Nations:

In the 19

th

century,

the Qing Dynasty fell to imperialistic

nations

England

, Germany, France, and Japan carved China into

“spheres of influence”

for their own economic

gain

China

eventually rebelled against this imperialistic intrusion and cast those countries out of

China

This period in Chinese history led to a distrust of

“foreign devils”

Revolutionary

Upheavals:

Between 1911 and

1949,

there were many revolutions in China. Three themes dominated this revolutionary ear

Nationalism:

The Chinese wished to recapture strength and power from the imperialistic nations that dominated them during the 19

th

century. The Revolution of 1911 helped reestablish the country as independent

Establishing a new political community:

Multiple

ideologies regarding how to run the government surfaced during the revolutionary period. One

ideology came from

Chiang

Kai-shek

who

found the

Nationalist party

and one

ideology came from

Mao Zedong

, who founded the Chinese Communist Party.

Socioeconomic development:

When Chiang Kai-shek became president, he broke away from the Soviet model for policymaking. This pushed Mao, who sided with the Soviets, into exile. This exile pushed Mao into form forming an outlaw communist party. Slide4

Long March

Chiang and his supporters then tried to destroy Mao and the Communist Party

Mao and his party were chased across the country between 1934 and 1936.

Chiang was unable to destroy the party and had to turn his attention to the invading

Japanese

Mao became a hero of the people. Many of these loyal friends became prominent leaders of the People’s Republic of China.Slide5

People’s Republic of China 1949-1966

After WWII, the Japanese occupation of China ended and Mao defeated Chiang in

a civil

war

In

1949,

Mao established the People’s Republic of China under communist

rule

Mao’s government wasn’t officially recognized until 1972

Chiang had setup a headquarters in Taiwan claimed that his headquarters was the true government of China

This led foreign nations to deal with

“Two Chinas”

The development of the PRC proceeded in two phases:

1) The Soviet Model:

The Soviet Union fully supported Mao and with his victory started pouring money and

communist expertise

into the PRC. Mao then formed the Chinese Communist Party and set about reforming portions of the country

Land Reform:

This campaign redistributed property from the rich to the poor and increased productivity in the countryside

Civil Reform:

Women’s rights were enhanced and drug control was increased.

Five-Year Plans-

1953

and 1957 the CCP launched the first soviet-style Five Year Plans to nationalize industry and collectivize agriculture, implementing steps toward socialismSlide6

People’s Republic of China 1949-1966

2) The Great Leap Forward:

This movement

was characterized

by Mao’s desire to separate from the Soviet Union. He was also trying to implement more equality in Chinese

society than existed in Soviet Russia.

All-around development:

This was an emphasis on industry and agriculture

Mass mobilization:

T

his was an

effort to turn the

Chinese population

into an assets

by encouraging

better motivation, harder work, and less unemployment

Political unanimity and zeal:

This was an

emphasis on party workers running

the

government

, not

the bureaucrats

Cadres:

P

arty

works at the lowest levels, were expected to demonstrate their party devotion by spurring

their fellow works

on to work as hard as they could

Decentralization:

This encouraged

more government on the local

level, and less central control. It was supposed to emphasize the power of the people

This movement was not successful as Mao ran into issues with the bureaucratic centralism of China and due to the lack of

skilled workersSlide7

The Cultural Revolution

1966-1976

Between 1960 and 1966 Mao allowed Liu

Shaoqi

and Deng Xiaoping to implement market-oriented policies

These policies helped bolster the Chinese economy

These policies did not go far enough for

Mao,

so he instituted

what was referred to as a

Cultural Revolution

in order to

promote economic and social change

The principles of these changes were:

The ethic of struggle

Mass line

Collectivism

Egalitarianism

Unstinting service to society

The goal of this cultural revolution was to get rid of the ideas of old China.

Scholars were sent into the fields to work, and universities and libraries were destroyed

It was believed that all

the education someone needed was to be able to

read and

write

Education was believed to created inequality, and hence was targeted for destructionSlide8

The Cultural Revolution 1966-1976

After Mao’s death in 1976 his followers divided into factions

Radicals-

This group supported the goals of Cultural Revolution and

were

led by Mao’s wife and

a man named Jiang

Qing

Military-

The military was led

by Lin

Bia. The

group was powerful because of

the constant external military threats to China

Moderates-

This group was led

by Zhou

Enlai

. Moderates

believed

in economic modernization and limited

contact

with other

countries.

Enlai

died shortly after Mao

These groups were strongly tied together because of the importance of personal relationships in Chinese

culture.

This is known as a

patron-client systemSlide9

Den Xiaoping’s Modernizations (1978-1997)

Deng Xiaoping believed in and pushed the idea of the

“Four Modernizations”

These include industry, agriculture, science, and the military

With the bolstering of these parts of Chinese society, they turned to pushing a new direction. This new direction included:

“Open Door” trade policy-

Trade with everyone was encouraged, including capitalist nations like the U.S. that will boost China’s economy

Reforms in education-

Higher academic standards and expansion of higher education and research reversed the policy of Cultural Revolution

Institutionalization of the Revolution-

Revolutionary goals were reconciled with restoring the legal system and bureaucracy of Old China, decentralizing the government, modifying elections and infusing capitalism