ECE4110 Problems with IPv4 32bit addresses give about 4000000 addresses IPv4 Addresses WILL run out at some point Some predicted by 2008 obviously did not happen NAT has helped slow the rate of exhaustion for addresses but does not solve the problem completely ID: 564644
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Slide1
Introduction to IPv6
ECE4110Slide2
Problems with IPv4
32-bit addresses give about 4,000,000 addresses
IPv4 Addresses WILL run out at some point
Some predicted by 2008, obviously did not happen
NAT has helped slow the rate of exhaustion for addresses, but does not solve the problem completely.
Rapid increase in routing tables as network grows
Variable size header (20 bytes fixed + options)
Options have limited use due to limited sizeSlide3
IPv6 History
RFC 2460, Basic Protocol 1998
RFC 2553, IPv6 Socket API, 2003
RFC 3775, Mobile IPv6, 2004
RFC 3697, Flow Label Specifications, 2004
RFC 4291, Address Architecture, 2006Slide4
IPv6 Timeline
http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0302/ppt/hain.pdf Slide5
IPv6 Features
New, fixed size header format
Large Address Space (about 10^38 addresses)
Better Support for Hierarchical Addressing
Smaller routing tables?
Automatic “link-local” address assignment
Includes IPSec (Secure IP) Support
Neighbor Discovery
Extension Headers
Multicast
Quality of ServiceSlide6
IPv6 Address
Network part
Host part
managed by organization
0
128
64
MAC
Subnet address used by the organization
(fixed length)Slide7
IPv6 Address notation
Basic rules
“:” in every 2 bytes
Hex digits
shorthand
heading 0s in each block can be omitted
“0000” → “0”
“0:all zeros in between :0” can be “::”Slide8
IPv6 address notation – example
3ffe:0501:0008:0000:0260:97ff:fe40:efab
3ffe:501:8:0:260:97ff:fe40:efab
3ffe:501:8::260:97ff:fe40:feab
ff02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
ff02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
ff02::1Slide9
Types of addresses
1
st
4bits of the adddress
Use
0 (0000)
Special address
1 (0001)
Special address
2 (0010)
Aggregatable global unicast address
3 (0011)
Aggregatable global unicast address
4 (0100)
Unassigned
5 (0101)
Unassigned
6 (0110)
Unassigned
7 (0111)
Unassigned
8 (1000)
Unassigned
9 (1001)
Unassigned
a (1010)
Unassigned
b (1011)
Unassigned
c (1100)
Unassigned
d (1101)
Unassigned
e (1110)
link-local, site-local, multicast
f (1111)
link-local, site-local,multicastSlide10
Aggregatable global unicast address
0
16byte
8
2
4
6
10
12
14
0
128bit
64
32
96
TLA
NLA
Interface identifier
SLA
TLA – Top Level Aggregator … assigned for
8K
major providers
(13+3bits)
NLA – Next Level Aggregator … assigned for
smaller providers
SLA – Site Level Aggregator …
subnet
numbers within organizations (16bits)
NLA
1
NLA
2
NLA
3Slide11
IPv6 Header Format
Ver6
Prio
Flow Label
Hop Limit
Payload Length
Next Header
Source Address
Destination AddressSlide12
IPv6 Extension Headers
Hop-by-Hop Options
Every router on the path must examine and process
Routing Options
Similar to source routing in IPv4
Fragment Header
Destination Options Header
Options processed at destination node only
Authentication Header
Checksumming
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Remainder of packet is encryptedSlide13
Show IPv6 Sockets Example