TH CENTURY What was Irish politics like at the beginning of the 20 th century POLITICAL GROUPS IN EARLY 20 TH CENTURY IRELAND At the beginning of the 20 th century Ireland was ruled from London and represented by Irish members of parliament MPs in Westminster The Lord Lieutenant ID: 513318
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Slide1
IRELAND IN THE 20TH CENTURY
What was Irish politics like at the beginning of the 20
th
century?Slide2
POLITICAL GROUPS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY IRELAND
At the beginning of the 20
th
century, Ireland was ruled from London and represented by Irish members of parliament (MPs) in Westminster. The Lord Lieutenant represented the king in Ireland. This had been the case since the Act of Union in 1800.
The two main political groups in the country were the:
NATIONALISTS
want self-government for Ireland.
UNIONISTS
want to maintain Ireland’s union with England.Slide3
THERE WERE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT NATIONALIST GROUPS:Slide4Slide5
What does this cartoon show?Slide6
What wasUnionism?
Unionists were opposed to any change to the 1801 Act of Union between Britain and Ireland – Ireland as part of the United Kingdom, governed by one parliament.Slide7
UNIONIST LEADERSHIP
The unionists were lead by:
Edward Carson: A Dublin born barrister who became a unionist MP.
James Craig: An industrialist who succeeded in uniting unionist groups through the Ulster Unionist Council (UCC).Slide8
WHY DID UNIONISTS FEAR HOME RULE?Slide9
BELFAST UNDER HOME RULE
Examine the cartoon, which shows an imagined Belfast under Home Rule, and answer the following questions:
Is this cartoonist for or against Home Rule? How do you know this?
What does the cartoonist suggest will be the future for Belfast under Home Rule?Slide10
THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
The Labour movement was led by B___________ and J____________. Larkin founded the ITGWU (I____ T________ and G______ W______ U____) to organise unskilled workers. This led to clashes with W_________________. The biggest protest happened in August 1913 during the Dublin Horse Show, which became known as the D_____ S_____ and L______. James Connolly founded the I____ C______ A___ during the lockout to protect the workers.Slide11
An extract from an article in the United Irishman by Arthur Griffith, 1905
‘A nation cannot promote and further its civilisation, its prosperity and social progress unless it establishes a manufacturing industry. A merely agricultural nation can never develop to any extent a home or foreign commerce, increase its population or make progress.
With the development of her manufacturing arm will proceed a middle class, a trained democracy and the authority of national language and literature and the civilising arts which keep pace with the development of the manufacturing arm.
We propose the formation of a Council of Three Hundred, composed of members of county, urban and rural councils and the members elected for Irish constituencies to form an Irish Parliament.
Name the writer of the document.
List three arguments in favour of Ireland developing manufacturing industries.
Give two arguments made against Ireland remaining reliant on agriculture.Slide12
THE HOME RULE CRISIS: 1912 – 1914
In Britain, the Liberal party favoured Home Rule for Ireland, but the Conservative Party was opposed to it.
After elections in 1910, the Liberal Party was in government in Britain, but it needed the support of the Irish Home Rule Party. In return for that support, the Liberal Party brought in a Home Rule Bill for Ireland in 1912.
The House of Lords would only be able to delay the passing of the Bill for two years so that by 1914 Ireland would have a Home Rule parliament.Slide13
UNIONIST OPPOSITION TO HOME RULE
Carson and Craig held demonstrations against Home Rule.
Unionists signed the Solemn League and Covenant to defend the union with Britain by all means. They were supported by British Conservatives.
Unionists founded the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). They imported arms and ammunition from Germany through to Larne.
The
Curragh
Mutiny saw the British army refuse to enforce Home Rule in Ulster.
Nationalists organised the Irish Volunteer Force. They brought in arms through
Howth
. It was discovered and led to violence from the British forces.Slide14
WAR – THE END OF THE CRISIS
Compromise between Unionists and Nationalists failed and it looked like Ireland was heading to civil war.
The First World War broke out and both sides agreed to help the war effort.
The Home Rule Bill became law but it was postponed until after the war was over.Slide15
IRELAND IN WW1
Unionists supported the war effort and joined the British army.
Nationalists split with the majority joining the British army on advice from John Redmond. 10,000 remained in Ireland to support the Nationalist cause.Slide16
TASK:
Who founded Sinn Féin in 1905?
What was the Solemn League and Covenant, 1912?
Write an account of the Home Rule Crisis, 1912 – 14.
What was Home Rule?
What was British reaction to Home Rule?
What was Unionist reaction to Home Rule?
How interrupted Home Rule?
How did this affect Nationalists?
QUESTION 5 ON THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANTSlide17
PRELUDE TO REBELLIONSlide18
THE EASTER RISING
IN DUBLIN:
Volunteers and Citizen Army soldiers took several buildings in Dublin but failed to capture Dublin Castle.
The British moved troops into Trinity College and Dublin Castle and got reinforcements from Britain and the Curragh. They bombarded the GPO and by Friday, the area was in flames. After failing to flee the city,
Pearse
and Connolly ordered an unconditional surrender.
ELSEWHERE:
Because of no or conflicting orders, people were reluctant to rebel. There was some fighting in North Dublin/South Meath,
Enniscorthy
and Wexford.Slide19
RESULTS OF THE RISINGSlide20
THE RISE OF SINN FÉIN
Éamon
de Valera took over from Arthur Griffith as president of Sinn Féin after the Rising.
Sinn Féin’s popularity grew because:
They opposed British conscription in Ireland.
Sinn Féin leaders were martyrs.
Sinn Féin won by-elections.Slide21
THE 1918 GENERAL ELECTION
The General Election following WW1 demonstrated Sinn
Féin’s
success. Calling themselves teachtaí dála
(TDs) they demanded:
A republic with complete independence from Britain.
Abstentionism
– forming a parliament in Dublin rather than Westminster.
Violence or physical force might be necessary.
1910 & 1918 General Election Results
1910
1918
Home Rule Party
73
6
Sinn
Féin
-
73
Unionists
19
26
What was the main result of the 1918 general election?Slide22
From whom does Ireland receive her ‘old tradition of nationhood’?
Name one of the groups that ‘organised and trained her manhood’.
Give one piece of evidence to show that the Rising received support from outside of Ireland.
What does the document accuse the ‘alien government’ of doing?
Give two pieces of evidence from the extract to show how the leaders hoped that this document would encourage people to support the Rising.
Name two of the leaders who were executed for their part in the 1916 Rising.Slide23
THE INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE: 1919 - 1921
Irish nationalists led a campaign to gain independence from Britain.
Fast-moving, small scale attacks against orthodox forces.
type of warfare fought by irregulars in fast-moving, small-scale actions against orthodox military and police forces
Slide24
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: 1919 - 1921
Irish nationalists led a campaign to gain independence from Britain.
Fast-moving, small scale attacks against orthodox forces.Slide25
SINN FÉIN & THE FIRST DÁIL
Sinn
Féin
TDs met on the 21
st
January 1919 to form the first
Dáil
. Only 27 attended because some TDs were in jail or on the run. Home Rulers and Unionists did not attend.
Orders of business were:
The Declaration of Independence.
A Message to the Free Nations of the World
A programme to improve living and working conditions.
Why do you think these were the first issues dealt with?Slide26
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
NAME
POSITION
Éamon
de Valera
President
Arthur Griffith
Vice
President & Minister for Home
Affiars
Michael Collins
Minister for Finance
Countess
Markievicz
Minister for Labour
Sinn Féin set out to gain control over the country:
Local government
Courts to try crimes
Collins organised a
Dáil
loanSlide27
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
On the same day as the first
Dáil
, 21
st
January 1919, an RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) patrol was ambushed in Co. Tipperary. Two policemen were shot dead. These were the first shots of the War of Independence.
TACTICS USED:
Guerrilla Warfare
Michael Collins’ Squad
Flying Columns
De Valera went to America to gain support.Slide28
BRITISH RESPONSE
David Lloyd George, the British prime minister, organised the
Black and Tans
(ex-soldiers)
and the
Auxiliaries
(ex-officers)
to fight the IRA.
They took revenge on families and towns.
Lloyd George passed the
Government of Ireland Act
, 1920 to set up a parliament in Belfast and Dublin. Sinn
Féin
rejected this.Slide29
BRITISH RESPONSE
BLOODY SUNDAY:
On 21
st November 1920 Michael Collins Squad killed a group of British agents sent to find him. Black and Tans shot into the crowd at a football match in Croke Park, killing 12 people.80 IRA members were captured or killed when the Dublin brigade attacked the Custom House in Dublin.Slide30
PEACE
Both sides now wanted peace. The IRA was running out of ammunition while the British government was criticised at home and abroad because of the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries.
De Valera came back from America where he spent most of the War of Independence. He agreed a truce with Lloyd George, which came into effect in July 1921.Slide31
THE ANGLO-IRISH TREATY
Sinn
Féin
sent a delegation to London to negotiate a treaty with the British government. It was led by Griffith and Collins.The British delegation was more experienced and included Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. They negotiated better terms.
Ireland was now known as the
Irish Free State
.
It was a member of the
British Commonwealth
.
TDs would have to take an
Oath of Allegiance
to the British King.
Three
ports
would be used by the British navy.
A
Boundary Commission
would be set up to decide the border between North and South.Slide32
ARGUMENTS FOR & AGAINST THE TREATY
PRO-TREATY: Griffith and Collins
ANTI-TREATY: de Valera,
Cathal
Brugha
The IRA was too weak to continue
fighting
The Treaty was a stepping stone to full independence
The Treaty did not give Ireland a full republic
The Oath of Allegiance recognised the king
The
Dáil
was divided over the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
The
Dáil
voted in favour of the Treaty by 64 votes to 57.Slide33
THE ANGLO-IRISH TREATY
Write a paragraph on the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Include the following:
Why the Treaty took place
Information on the delegatesThe terms of the TreatyResults of the TreatySlide34
THE CIVIL WAR
TWO SIDES OF THE CIVIL WAR
PRO-TREATY
ANTI-TREATY
Free
State Army/ government forces
Regulars
Republicans
Irregulars
The Pro-Treaty
(led by Collins) side took over the Four Courts in Dublin and captured a Free State general.
The Regulars attacked the Irregulars in the Munster Republic, capturing Cork.
Griffith died from a brain haemorrhage.
Collins was killed in an ambush at
Béal
na
mBláth
, Co Cork.
Cosgrave and O’Higgins took over the Free State government.
The War ended when de Valera got the IRA to call a ceasefire in May 1923.Slide35
THE CIVIL WARSlide36
RESULTSOver 900 killed. £30 million damage to property
Bitterness between Pro and Anti Treaty for years
Loss of Collins and Griffith
The two main political parties owe their origins to the Pro and Anti Treaty sidesPro-Treaty → Cumann na
nGaedheal
→Fine Gael
Anti-Treaty → Sinn
Féin
→
Fianna
FáilSlide37
THE NEW STATE
Cumann
na
nGaedheal
formed the government of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1932. It was led by W.T. Cosgrave.Slide38
LAW & ORDER
The Constitution set up two houses of parliament – the
Dáil
and Seanad.The government set up the Garda Síochána, the court system was re-organised and a Public Safety Act gave the government wide powers of arrest.
The Free State government overcame the Army Mutiny in 1924.Slide39
THE ECONOMY
The government improved agriculture with animal breeding methods, loans for farmers and low taxes.
The government established the Shannon Scheme to build a hydroelectric station.
THE SHANNON SCHEME
was a hydroelectric plant on the Shannon to generate electricity for the country. It cost £5 million and it was one of the largest building projects of the state. The ESB was set up to construct a grid to
take electricity around the country.Slide40
RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN
The Boundary Commission
was set up to decide the border between North and South. Nationalists
hoped that they would make the North of Ireland so small that it would be forced to join the South. The suggested changes were so small, that no changes were made.
Ireland in the Commonwealth:
Cumann
na
nGaedheal
worked to gain more independence for Ireland. The British government passed the Statute of Westminster 1931, which allowed Ireland to change any laws on Ireland passed by British parliament.Slide41
DECLINE OF CUMANN na nGAEDHEAL
Why did
Cumann
na nGaedheal
decline in popularity?
The Great Depression affected Ireland and unemployment rose.
The government cut the pay of teachers and
gardaí
.
De Valera and
Fianna
Fáil
won the 1932 general election.Slide42
QUESTIONS:
What was the job of the Boundary Commission?
What was the Statute of Westminster? Why was it important?
Why did
Cumman
na
nGaedheal
decline in popularity?
Mention two important ways in which the
Cumann
na
nGaedheal
governments contributed to the development of Ireland between 1923 and 1932.
(Questions 10, 12, 13, 14)