Presentations text content in Network Guide to Networks
Slide1
Network+ Guide to Networks7th Edition
Chapter 5 Network Cabling
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Slide2ObjectivesExplain basic data transmission concepts, including signaling, data modulation, multiplexing, bandwidth, baseband, and broadband
Describe the physical characteristics and Ethernet standards of coaxial cable, STP, UTP, and fiber-optic mediaCompare the benefits and limitations of different networking media
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Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
Slide3ObjectivesExplore the connectors, converters, and couplers for each cabling typeExamine common cable problems and differentiate between various tools for troubleshooting those problems
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Slide4Transmission BasicsTransmission techniques in use on today’s network are complex and variedThis section covers fundamental characteristics that define today’s data transmission
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Slide5Analog SignalingAnalog signals - vary infinitely and continuously
Appear as a wavy line when graphed over timeAnalog signals are characterized by four properties:AmplitudeMeasure of strength at given point in timeFrequencyNumber of times amplitude cycles over fixed timeWavelength
Distance between one peak and the next
Phase
Progress of wave over time compared to a fixed point
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Slide6Analog SignalingNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide7Analog SignalingNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Varied and imprecise voltage
Susceptible to transmission flaws
Slide8Digital SignalingDigital signalsPulses of voltages
Positive voltage represents a 1Zero voltage represents a 0Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
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Slide9Digital SignalingNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide10Data ModulationData relies on digital transmissionNetwork connection may handle only analog signals
ModemAccomplishes this translationModulator/demodulatorData modulationTechnology modifying analog signals into digital signals and vice versa
Make
analog signals suitable
for carrying
data over a communication pathNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition10
Slide11Data ModulationCarrier waveCombined with another analog signal
Produces unique signalTransmitted from one node to anotherPreset propertiesPurpose: convey informationInformation wave (data wave)Added to carrier wave
Modifies one carrier wave property
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Slide12Data ModulationFrequency modulationCarrier frequency modified by application of data signal
Amplitude modulationCarrier signal amplitude modified by application of data signalDigital subscriber line (DSL)Also makes use of modulation
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Slide13Data ModulationNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide14Baseband and BroadbandBaseband transmission
Digital signals that are carried on a single channelRequires exclusive use of wire’s capacityExample: EthernetBroadband transmission
Multiple transmissions share a single media
Transmission sharing the same media rely on multiplexing to manage multiple signals
Example: Cable TV and cable Internet
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Slide15MultiplexingMultiplexing
A form of transmission that allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one mediumSubchannelsLogical multiple smaller channelsMultiplexer (mux)Combines many channel
signals
Required at the transmitting end of the channel
Demultiplexer (demux)
Separates the combined signalsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition15
Slide16MultiplexingTDM (Time division multiplexing
)Divides channel into multiple time intervalsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7
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Slide17MultiplexingStatistical multiplexingTransmitter assigns slots to nodes
According to priority, needMore efficient than TDMNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7
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Slide18MultiplexingFDM (Frequency
Division Multiplexing)Unique frequency band for each communications subchannelCellular telephone transmissionDSL Internet access
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Slide19MultiplexingWDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexing)One fiber-optic connectionCarries multiple light signals simultaneouslyNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide20MultiplexingDWDM (Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing)Used on most modern fiber-optic networksExtraordinary capacityTypically used on high-bandwidth or long-distance WAN linksCWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
Developed after DWDM in an effort to lower the cost of the transceiver equipment needed
Channels are spaced more widely apart across entire frequency band
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Slide21Throughput and BandwidthThroughput Amount of data transmitted during given time period
Also called payload rate or effective data rateExpressed as bits transmitted per secondBandwidth (strict definition)Difference between highest and lowest frequencies medium can transmitRange of frequencies
Both are commonly expressed as bits transmitted per second, called bit rate
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Slide22Throughput and BandwidthNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide23Twisted-Pair CableColor-coded insulated copper wire pairs0.4 to 0.8 mm diameter
Encased in a plastic sheathEvery two wires are twisted together
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Slide24Twisted-Pair CableMore wire pair twists per footMore resistance to cross talk
Higher-qualityMore expensiveTwist ratioTwists per meter or footHigh twist ratioGreater attenuation
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Slide25Twisted-Pair CableHundreds of different designsTwist ratio, number of wire pairs, copper grade, shielding type, shielding materials
1 to 4200 wire pairs possibleWiring standard specificationTIA/EIA 568Most common twisted pair typesCategory (cat) 3, 5, 5e, 6, 6a, 7CAT
5e
or higher used in modern LANs
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Slide26Twisted-Pair CableAdvantagesRelatively inexpensive
FlexibleEasy installationSpans significant distance before requiring repeaterAccommodates several different topologiesTwo categoriesShielded twisted pair (STP)
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
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Slide27STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)Individually insulatedSurrounded by metallic substance shielding (foil)
Barrier to external electromagnetic forcesContains electrical energy of signals insideMay be groundedNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7
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Slide28UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)One or more insulated wire pairsEncased in plastic sheath
No additional shieldingLess expensive, less noise resistanceNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide29Comparing STP and UTPThroughputSTP and UTP can transmit the same ratesCost
STP and UTP vary in costConnectorSTP and UTP use Registered Jack 45Noise immunitySTP more noise resistantSize and scalabilityMaximum segment length for both: 100 meters
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Slide30Ethernet Standards for Twisted-Pair CablingNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide31Cable PinoutsProper cable termination is a requirement for two nodes on a network to communicateTIA/EIA specifies two methods of inserting wires into RJ-45 plugs
TIA/EIA 568ATIA/EIA 568BNo functional difference between the two standardsJust make sure you use the same standard on every RJ-45 plug and jack
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Slide32Cable PinoutsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide33Cable PinoutsStraight-through cableTerminate RJ-45 plugs at both ends identically
Crossover cableTransmit and receive wires on one end reversedRollover cableAll wires are reversedTerminations are a mirror image of each otherAlso called Yost cables or Cisco console cablesUsed to connect a computer to the console port of a router
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Slide34Copper Connectors and CouplersMedia converter Enables networks or segments running on different media to interconnect and exchange signals
Coupler Passes data through a homogenous connection without any modification
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Slide35PoE (Power over Ethernet)PoE - IEEE 802.3af standard which specifies a method for supplying electrical power over twisted-pair Ethernet connections
Amount of power provided:15.4 watts for standard PoE devices25.5 watts for newer PoE+ devices (802.3at standard)PoE standard specifies two types of devices:PSE (power sourcing equipment)PD (powered devices)
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Slide36PoE (Power over Ethernet)The IEEE standard requires that a PSE device first determine whether a node is PoE-capable before attempting to supply it with power
On networks that demand PoE but don’t have PoE-capable equipment, you can add PoE adaptersNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
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Slide37Fiber-Optic CableFiber-optic cable (fiber)
One or more glass or plastic fibers at its center (core)Data transmissionPulsing light sent from laser or light-emitting diode (LED) through central fibersCladdingLayer of glass or plastic surrounding fibers
Different density from glass or plastic in strands
Reflects light back to core
Allows fiber to bend
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Slide38Fiber-Optic CablePlastic buffer outside claddingProtects cladding and core
Opaque to absorb escaping lightSurrounded by Kevlar (polymeric fiber) strandsPlastic sheath covers Kevlar strandsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7
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Slide39Fiber-Optic CableBenefits over copper cablingExtremely high throughputVery high noise resistance
Excellent securityAble to carry signals for longer distancesIndustry standard for high-speed networkingDrawbacksMore expensive than twisted pair cableRequires special equipment to splice
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Slide40Fiber-Optic CableThroughputProven reliable in transmitting data at rates that can reach 100 gigabits per second per channel
CostMost expensive transmission mediumNoise immunityUnaffected by EMISize and scalabilitySegment lengths vary from 150 to 40,000 metersDepends on the light’s wavelength and type of cable
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Slide41SMF (Single Mode Fiber)Consists of narrow core (8-10 microns in diameter)Laser-generated light travels over one path
Little reflectionLight does not disperse as signal travelsCan carry signals many miles:Before repeating is requiredRarely used for shorter connections
Due to cost
The Internet backbone depends on SMF
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Slide42MMF (Multimode Fiber)Contains a core with a
larger diameter than single mode fiberCommon sizes: 50 or 62.5 micronsLaser or LED generated light pulses travel at different anglesGreater attenuation than single-mode fiberCommon usesCables connecting router to a switch
Cables connecting server on network backbone
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Slide43Fiber Connectors and CouplersMMF connectorsClassified by the number of fibers
SMF connectorsClassified by size and shape of the ferruleFerrule - the extended tip of a connector that makes contact with the receptacle in the jackNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7
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Slide44Fiber Connectors and CouplersShapes and polishes used by SMF ferrules to reduce back reflection:
Physical Contact (PC)Ultra Polished Connector (UPC)Angle Polished Connector (APC)Network+ Guide to Networks, 7
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Slide45Fiber Connectors and CouplersSMF connectors are typically available with a 1.25-mm ferrule or a 2.5-mm ferruleMost common 1.25-mm connector is the LC
Three 2.5-mm connectors are the SC, ST, and FCMost common MMF connector is the MT-RJExisting fiber networks might use ST or SC connectorsLC and MT-RJ are used on the very latest fiber-optic technology
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Slide46Fiber-Optic Converters and Modular InterfacesConverters are required to connect multimode fiber networks to single-mode fiber networks
Also fiber- and copper-based parts of a networkBidirectional converter accepts the signal from one part of the network, then regenerates the signal and sends it to the next part of the networkGBIC - a standard type of modular interface designed for Gigabit Ethernet connectionsMay contain RJ-45 or fiber-optic cable ports
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Slide47Fiber-Optic Converters and Modular InterfacesSFP (small form-factor pluggable) transceiversProvide the same function as a GBIC, but allow more ports per inch
Sometimes known as mini GBICs or SFP GBICsTwo types: XFP and SFP+Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide48Fiber-Optic Converters and Modular InterfacesInstalling a GBIC or SFP Slide the transceiver into a socket on the back of the connectivity device
Most SFPs come with a tab or latch system and keyed so that they will slide into the socket when aligned properlyNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
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Slide49Fiber-Optic Converters and Modular InterfacesLoopback adapterA helpful tool when testing an SFP’s functionality or checking for a mismatch
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Slide50Ethernet Standards for Fiber-Optic CableNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide51Transmission FlawsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Any undesirable influence degrading or distorting signal
Types of noise
EMI (electromagnetic interference)
Example: radio frequency interferenceCross-talkSignal on one wire infringes on adjacent wire signalAlien cross-talk occurs between two cablesNear end cross-talk (NEXT) occurs near sourceFar end cross-talk (FEXT) occurs at the far end
Slide52Transmission FlawsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide53Transmission FlawsAttenuation
Loss of signal’s strength as it travels away from sourceTwo ways analog and digital signals are boosted:Amplifier - increases the voltage, or strength, of signalsCan also boot the noise that has accumulated in the signal
Repeater - regenerates a digital signal in its original form
Without noise previously accumulated
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Slide54Transmission FlawsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide55Transmission FlawsLatencyDelay between signal transmission and receiptMay cause network transmission errors
Latency causesCable lengthIntervening connectivity deviceRound trip time (RTT)Time for packet to go from sender to receiver, then back from receiver to sender
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Slide56Transmission FlawsCommon Fiber Cable Problems:Fiber type mismatch
More of a fiber core mismatchEven same-mode cables can be mismatched if the cores have different widthsWavelength mismatchSMF, MMF, and POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) use different wavelengthsDirty connectors Signal loss and other errors can start to cause problems
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Slide57Troubleshooting ToolsTone generator (toner)Small electronic device
Issues signal on wire pairTone locator (probe)Emits tone when electrical activity detectedProbe kit or toner probeGenerator and locator combinationTesting requires trial and error
Used to determine where
wired
pair terminates
Not used to determine cable characteristicsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition57
Slide58Troubleshooting ToolsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide59Troubleshooting ToolsMultimeterMeasures electric circuit characteristics
Resistance, voltage, and impedanceUse a multimeter to do the following:Measure voltage to verify cable is conducting electricityCheck for the presence of noiseVerify the amount of resistance is appropriateTest for short or open circuits in the wire
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Slide60Troubleshooting ToolsCable continuity testers (cable testers)
Tests whether cable carries signal to destinationCopper-based cable testerConsists of two partsBase unit generates voltageRemote unit detects voltageSeries of lights, audible tone
Used to signal
pass/fail
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Slide61Troubleshooting ToolsSome continuity testers verify UTP, STP wires paired correctlyNot shorted, exposed, crossed
Fiber optic continuity testerIssues light pulses on fiberDetermines whether pulses reach other endTest all cables to ensure meeting network’s required standardsHomemade or purchasedOffer convenience: portable, lightweight, low cost
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Slide62Troubleshooting ToolsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide63Troubleshooting ToolsCable performance tester, line tester, or certifierPerforms similarly to continuity testers but can be used to:
Measure distance to a connectivity device, termination point, or cable faultMeasure attenuationMeasure near end cross-talkMeasure termination resistance and impedanceIssue pass/fail ratings for Cat 3-7 standardsStore and print results or save to a computer database
Graphically depict attenuation and cross-talk
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Slide64Troubleshooting ToolsTDR (time domain reflectometer)Issue
signal, measures signal bounce backIndicates distance between nodesIndicates whether terminators properly installed, functionalOTDRs (optical time domain reflectometers)Measure fiber lengthDetermine faulty splice locations, breaks, connectors,
bends and measure
attenuation over cable
Expensive
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Slide65Troubleshooting ToolsNetwork+ Guide to Networks, 7th
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Slide66Troubleshooting ToolsOPM (Optical Power Meter)Also called a laser power meter or a light meter
Measures the amount of light power transmitted on a fiber-optic lineMust be calibrated precisely following highly accurate optical power standardsSurrounding room temperature, connection type, and the skill of the technician all affect the final test results
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Slide67Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
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Summary
Computers generate and interpret data signals as electrical current where voltage is finitely measured as on or off and interpreted as binary data
A channel is a distinct communication path between nodes and may be separated logically or physically
A baseband transmission is the only transmission on the media, in broadband, multiple transmissions share a single media
Broadband transmission require multiplexing
Throughput is the measure of how much data is transmitted during a given time period
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Summary
Coaxial cable was the foundation for Ethernet networks in the 1980s
Twisted-pair cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires that are twisted in pairs
STP cable consists of twisted-pair wires that are not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic substance
UTP does not contain additional shielding
TIA/EIA has specified two different methods of inserting wires into RJ-45 plugs: 568A and 568B
Slide69Network+ Guide to Networks, 7th Edition
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Summary
A rollover cable uses a reverse image of the pinout of the other end of a cable
Fiber-optic cable contains one or more several glass or plastic fibers at it core
SMF accommodates the highest bandwidths and longest distances of all network transmission media
MMF contains a core with a larger diameter
Fiber-optic cabling is the best medium for delivering high throughput
A common source of noise is EMI
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Summary
Cross-talk occurs when a signal traveling on one wire or cable infringes on the signal traveling on an adjacent wire or cable
Attenuation is the loss of a signal’s strength
Latency is the delay between the instant data leaves the source and when it arrives at its destination
A multimeter is a simple instrument that measures resistance, voltage, impedance, and other characteristics
Tools used to test cables: cable checkers, continuity testers, cable testers, and light meters (for fiber)
Network Guide to Networks
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