Isaac Littler Safavids 15011722 Predominantly Persian elite Claimed to be descendants of the Twelve Imams Lack of central control Converted about 90 of population to Shiism Had respect for People of the Book ID: 596251
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Slide1
Political and Economic Change in Iran
Isaac LittlerSlide2
Safavids 1501-1722
Predominantly Persian elite
Claimed to be descendants of the Twelve Imams
Lack of central control
Converted about 90% of population to Shiism
Had respect for
People of the Book
Monotheistic with a holy book ex: Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians
Ba’hai do not have a book
Suffered economically with the shift of world trade to ocean based
Ended when invaded by Afghan tribesSlide3
Qajars 1798-1925
Turkish tribe took control of Iran
Significant decline in Iran’s power
European imperialism lead to Russia taking Iranian land
Britain buying up the oil drilling rights
Increasing reliance on European banks lendingSlide4
Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909
Largely a middle class revolution
Bankers and business owners were upset with Qajars attempts to settle European loans
Middle class felt that the shah would prioritize its Europeans debts over its domestic debt
Demanded written constitutionSlide5
Constitution of 1906
Very western constitution
Direct elections
Separation of powers
Elected legislature (Majles)
Bill of Rights
Majles guaranteed seats to certain People of the Book (Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians)
Created the Guardian Council which could veto any laws passed by Majles, made up of clericsSlide6
Pahlavis 1925-1979
Iran struggled towards the 1900s and suffered Russian and British occupation during WWI, and polarisation of the Majles made it ineffective
Colonel Reza Khan of the Cossack Brigade, essentially Iran’s army, lead a coup declaring himself shah-in-shah
Reduced power of the Majles
Turned over power in 1941 to his son Muhammad RezaSlide7
Pahlavis 1925-1979
Rising democratic opposition lead to the shah fleeing the country in 1953, as prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq gained significant power
Britain and the US overthrew Mosaddeq to ensure the British oil company in Iran was not nationalized and prevent Soviet influence in the middle east
Iran became increasingly reliant on oil
White Revolution (an anti communist movement) bought up land from absentee owners and sold it to small farmers for cheap
In addition, the white revolution brought along increasing secularizationSlide8
Pahlavis continued
Both shahs exploited their rule for money, and established tax exempt Pahlavi Foundation
Patronage system that controlled companies and channeled money to the regime
1975 formed the Resurgence Party, declared Iran 1 party state
Replaced Islamic calendar
Created a Religious Corps to teach peasants “true Islam”Slide9
Islamic Revolution 1979-Present
Decrease in oil prices, increase in consumer costs
Unpopular amounts of secularization
US pressure for more civic freedom
1978 hundreds of protesters killed in Tehran lead to a strike by oil workers
2 million protesters between all the anti regime rallies, mainly lead by clerics
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was a major leader in this time, advocating jurist’s guardianship, or the clergy's authority, over all ShiaSlide10
Islamic Revolution 1979-Present
Shah fled the country in 1979
Constitution was created by the Assembly of Religious Experts(73 clergy elected clergy members)
99% if voters approved of constitution
Cultural revolution was launched to purify the country of western values and beliefsSlide11
Iraq-Iran war
With Iraq’s invasion of Iran the people rallied behind the government
Iran and Iraq have a history of border tensions
Saddam Hussein saw the Islamic Revolution as an opportunity
Iran was very disorganized and ended up relying on human wave assaults of volunteers to fight the Iraqi armySlide12
Post Khomeini
Attempt to become a nuclear power
Iran suffers economically under US sanctions
Trend towards privatization
20% unemployment
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s 2009 presidential victory sparked protests called the Green Movement
“Where is my vote?”Slide13
Privatization
Immediately following the Islamic Revolution, a significant portion of industry was nationalized
Around 1990 Iran began a privatization trend that continues to today
Centered around certain sectors
Oil
Banking
Insurance
TransportationSlide14
OilSlide15Slide16
Discussion
How long will the current regime last?Slide17
Sources
Industrializing and less developed countries handout
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/01/iran-1979-revolution-shook-world-2014121134227652609.html
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/constitutional-revolution-i
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/pahlavi/pahlavi.php
http://www.macrotrends.net/1369/crude-oil-price-history-chart
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/201351661225981675.html
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11021/13/13_chapter%203.pdf
http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2016/may/31/economic-trends-april-and-may
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/administration-vii-pahlavi