Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge - PowerPoint Presentation

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Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge Slide2

Southeast Asian Colonies

Southeast Asia source of spices valued highly by Europeans

To obtain spices, Europeans established colonies there in 1500s

For centuries Dutch controlled spice trade, held key Southeast Asian ports

Moving to Interior

Britain controlled port cities of Singapore, Penang1824, attained control of Malacca, part of modern-day MalaysiaLate 1800s, moved into interior, established rubber plantations

Plantation AgricultureDutch began growing sugar, coffee on Southeast Asian colony plantationsShift to plantation agriculture set pattern for future European colonies there1800s, British began to compete with Dutch in Malaysia

Europeans in Southeast AsiaSlide3

France took control of the rest of Vietnam in 1884 and annexed neighboring Laos and Cambodia, created French Indochina

French built roads, railroads, irrigation systems

Introduced reforms in education, medical care

French colonialism in Indochina largely benefited the French

Many French citizens became rich from tea, rubber plantations

French Colonialism

Many Vietnamese farmers unable to pay high taxes, fell into debt

Vietnamese peasants often lost farms, forced to become wage laborers

Vietnamese resentment of French rulers grew throughout 1800s, 1900s

Resentment of French

France in Southeast AsiaSlide4

Siam

Siam (Thailand today) was only Southeast Asian country to retain independence in 1800s.

Served as buffer between British-controlled Burma, French Indochina

By skillful exploitation of European rivalries, careful modernization, monarchs of Siam preserved nation

’s freedomSlide5

Decline of the Manchus

In 1800, the Qing was at the height of its power. -Peace and prosperity, secure borders, cultural accomplishments -But peasant unrest, corruption, and royal incompetence existed -Population growth was 400 million by 1900Opium and Rebellion

West/Britain frustrated by limitation on trade

British desire for Chinese tea created a balance of payment problem

Solution- ship Indian opium to China Slide6

British problems with China

- The opium trade-Chinese became concerned and tried to negotiate -Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsu; 1785-1850), 1839, appealed to Queen Victoria, then tried to impose penalties to smokers, arresting dealers, and seizing supplies from importers (who tried to smuggle it in) -He blockaded the foreign factory area in Canton to force traders to hand over their remaining chests of opium, The British government launched a naval attack to punish the Manchus and force the court to open China to foreign trade.

The Opium Wars

(1839-1842)-demonstrated the superiority of British firepower and military tactics.

- Treaty of Nanjing (1842)-opened 4 coastal ports, grant extraterritorial rights to British citizens in China, pay to cover war costs, and cede the island of Hong Kong Slide7

Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence About 1900Slide8

Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence About 1900Slide9

Taiping (T’ai p’ing) Rebellion, 1853-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch’uan), a Christian convert (Jesus's younger brother) wanted to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace "

-Causes of the Rebellionwanted to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace "peasant unrest and decline in government services -ResultsHong captured Nanjing in 1853, but rebellion finally put down 1864British and French capture Beijing and burn summer palaceTreaty of Tainjin

- more concessions by the Qing Slide10

Efforts at Reform

Self-strengtheningAdoption of Western technology combined with the retention of Confucian principles and institutions or "East for Essence" and "West for practical use" Proponents of more radical reformWang Tao (Wang T’ao) (1828 – 1897)- journalist argued that China needed a government that understands its people and acts on their behalf; her proposals were shut downSlide11

The Climax of Imperialism

Russia, France, and Britain penetrate ChinaSpheres of influence in China- Germany seized Shandong province in 1897Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895-China was defeated (1894) over control of Korea Emperor Guangxu (Kuang Hsu) and progressive Confucian scholar and

Kang

Youwei

(K’ang Yu-wei) launched the One Hundred Days of Reform 1898Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u Hsi), emperor's aunt along with other conservatives crushed the reformOpening the Door to ChinaUnited States’ “Open Door” policy- would protect China's territorial integrity, but would open Chinese markets to everyoneBoxer Rebellion, 1900- led by members of secret society, frustrated by drought, unemployment, foreign economic activities - attacked foreign residents, Slide12

Opening the Door to ChinaUnited States’ “Open Door” policy- would protect China's territorial integrity, but would open Chinese markets to everyoneBoxer Rebellion, 1900- led by members of secret society, frustrated by drought, unemployment, foreign economic activities 

- attacked foreign residents, besieged the foreign legation quarter in Beijing -the foreigners were rescued by an international expeditionary force, and the Chinese government was forced to pay indemnity to foreign governments who suppressed the uprising Slide13

Collapse of the Old Order

Empress Cixi, who was always against reform, now embraced a number of new reforms *Commission formed to study constitutional changes, 1905*Civil service examination system was replaced by a

new educational system based on the Western model.

*Legislative assemblies established and elections for a national assembly were held in 1910

Rising rural unrest -Reforms do little for the peasants, artisans, miners, transportation workers -Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) a young radical, formed the Revive China Society -He united radical groups across China in the Revolutionary Alliance -The alliance was based on "Three People’s Principles" of nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood - he would start with a military take over and end with a constitutional democracyRevolt of October, 1911

-General Yaun Shikai (Yaun Shih-k’ai), was supposed to crush the rebellion, but he changed sides, and became president of the new Chinese republic in 1912Revolution or collapse of the old order? Chinese middle class too small to implement Sun Yat-sen's vision, so this was a collapse of the old order Slide14

Meiji (enlighten rule) Restoration Transformation of Japanese Politics

- realized Japan must modernize to survive

Abolish remnants of the old order and strengthen the executive

- new emperor Meiji supported modernization Charter Oath, 1868- promised to create a new deliberative assembly within the imperial rule (samurai now known as genro-elder statesmen, dominated key posts Political parties develop-Liberal Party(favored Western liberal democratic model) and the Progressive Party (favored distribution of power between the legislative and executive branches) Meiji Constitution of 1890-based on Bismark model, authority vested in executive branch, males could vote -members of cabinet were handpick by the Meiji oligarchs

-upper house of parliament was appointed and had equal rights as lower house, called the Diet- members would be elected -ideology of state was called the kokutai-national polity, Japanese system unique and based upon supreme authority of the emperor Slide15

Meiji Economics -Land reform- farmers given land, but had to pay high taxes -Japan’s industrial revolution-

stimulated by the government rather than rely on foreign capital (major industries were silk, tea, weaponry, shipbuilding, and sake)-Impact of changes on the rural population- many became tenants, or fled to city to become cheap industrial laborBuilding a Modern Social structure- abolished hereditary rights, privileges of the aristocracy, and legal restrictions of

eta

(slave class) -

Military structure- was modernized and became a route to upward mobility for malesEducation-adopted the American model of education, women for the first time were receiving an education as well. Changing culture- western fashion became popular in elite circles, ministers adopted western style of ballroom dancing, baseball introducedCivil Code, 1898- deemphasized individual rights and placed women within context of their role in the family Slide16

Joining the Imperialist Club

Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea- Japan supported the radical faction that wanted to break loose from Chinese influence and China supported the conservatives in the Korean court Treaty of Shimonoseki- peasant rebellion broke out in Korea in 1894, Japan and China supported the opposing sides- treaty ended War, and

Korea's independence was recognized by the Manchus

- China ceded Taiwan, Liaodong peninsula, and naval base at Port Arthur to Japan

Conflict with China- obtained suzerainty over the Ryukyu Islands from ChinaKorea opens ports to Japan- pressured Korea to allow Japan to tradeSlide17

Russo-Japanese War, 1904- shocked the world by defeating the Russians, gained Southern Sakhakin and the Kurile Islands Korea annexed in 1908Slide18

Chinese Society in Transition

Obstacles to industrialization-Chinese economy in transition before West arrivedTraditional methods of production-no uniform system of weights and measurements, primitive banking system, few paved roads

Little use of Western technology

Rapid increase in the population

led to smaller plots of land and tenant farmersImpact of imperialism on the economy-improved economy, introduced modern means of production, transport, and communicationWestern presence accelerated Chinese development-improved economy, but distorted local economic development since raw materials were taken out of the country Daily lifeChanges in coastal cities; decline of Confucianism and adoption of Western educational practicesIncreased Western cultural presenceEducation- based on western modelWomen-now worked in factories (cotton mills, silk industry)-Qui Jin, wrote a manifesto calling for women's liberation and even organized a revolt against the Manchu government, but was captured and executed in 1907

Impact of missionaries-educational opportunities, girl schools openedSlide19

Role of Women in JapanBy the end of 19th century, women's role in society began to change

-young girl were sent to work in textile mills -from 1894-1912, women represented 60 percent of the Japanese labor forces -by 1914, Japan was the leading exporter of silk, thanks to women -It wasn't until 1922, that women could join political organizations Slide20

Empress Dowager CixiCixi was the mother of the next emperor, who was too young to rule after the Emperor’s death.

Empress Cixi, who was always against reform, now embraced a number of new reforms *Commission formed to study constitutional changes, 1905*Civil service examination system was replaced by a new educational system based on the Western model. *Legislative assemblies established and elections for a national assembly were held in 1910Slide21

Japanese Culture in Transition

Japan invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and United StatesJapanese culture also influenced the West in arts and crafts, porcelains, woodblock prints, and Japanese gardensTokyo School of Fine Arts

founded in 1889, to promote traditional arts Slide22

The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above

Some historians argue it was an incomplete revolution because it did not end economic and social inequalitiesOthers argue it did put Japan on a path of economic and political developmentMost successful in industrial development

A “

conservative revolution”

, non-violent, also traditional elites did not maintain power, accomplished by Japanese themselvesCombination of kokutai and capitalism- fusion of modern industrial capitalism with warrior/feudal ethic Slide23

Discussion Questions

How did opium help the British force concessions from the Chinese?What steps did the Chinese take to block European domination of China? Why did these measures fail?How did the presence of European powers in China shape Chinese cultural development?Was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution”?