Chapter 1 Prehistory 2300 BC Lesson 1 Early Humans Lesson 2 The Neolithic Revolution Lesson 3 Mesopotamia Bellringer Question What do archaeology and anthropology and history ID: 149625
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The Rise of CivilizationChapter 1Prehistory – 2300 B.C.
Lesson 1: Early HumansLesson 2: The Neolithic RevolutionLesson 3: MesopotamiaSlide2
Bellringer QuestionWhat do archaeology
and anthropology, and history teach us about prehistoric humans?Slide3
ArchaeologyArchaeology is the study of past societies through analysis of what people left behind
. Archaeologists dig up and examine artifacts.Artifacts: objects made by humans.
Can you think of examples of artifacts?
Tools, weapons, art, buildings, etc. Slide4
What might these artifacts reveal about the humans who made them?Slide5
Archaeologists at WorkSlide6
AnthropologyAnthropology is the study of human life and
culture.Culture includes what people wear, how they organize their society, and what they value.Anthropologists use artifacts and human fossils to create a picture of people’s everyday lives.
Fossils are rocklike remains of organisms Slide7
Methods
Archaeologists and anthropologists have developed scientific methods in their work They
excavate
sites, or carefully dig up land, to uncover
fossil
remains of early humans, burial grounds, and other objects.
By
examining
artifacts, these scientists learn many important things about an ancient society. Slide8
Dating Artifacts and FossilsOne of the most difficult jobs for these scientists is
dating their finds. One method used to determine age is carbon dating. All living things absorb a small amount of radioactive carbon, or C-14, from the atmosphere.
After a living thing dies, it loses carbon. By measuring the amount
left
in an object, scientists can figure out its age.
Works for objects no more than about 50,000 years old. Slide9Slide10Slide11
ThermoluminescenceFor objects dating back to 200,000 years ago, scientists can make precise measurements by using thermoluminescence
.The measures of light given off by electrons trapped in the soil surrounding fossils and artifacts.
Chlorophane
exhibiting thermoluminescence when heated.
Chlorophane
Slide12
Bellringer
Make a list of three historical artifacts that provide clues about how humans lived in the past. Describe what these clues are. Artifacts can be from any period in history
You will share your list with the class. Slide13
HistoryLike archaeologists and anthropologists,
historians also study how people lived in the past. Historians study artifacts, but rely even more on written evidence. About 5,000 years ago, people in different parts of the world began to keep
written records
.
That even marked the beginning of recorded history. Slide14
The First Humans
Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light.
- Louis Leakey, British
paleoanthropologistSlide15
Hominids to Homo SapiensWhat is a Hominid?
A hominid is a humanlike creature that walked upright. Slide16
Stage 1 (4,000,000 BC)The earliest hominid, the
Australopithecus lived in Africa 4 million years ago. Opposable thumbSmall body and brain size. Slide17
AustralopithecusSlide18
Early Hominid Discoveries in AfricaSlide19
Stage 2(2,500,000 – 1,600,000 BC)A more advanced hominid developed with a somewhat larger brain.
Homo Habilis, “man of skills” or “handy human”Created and used stone toolsLived in caves
Remained in AfricaSlide20
Stage 3(1,500,000-250,000 BC)
Homo Erectus, or “upright human”Had arms and legs in modern human
proportion
.
First hominid to use
fire
.
Probably the first hominid to
leave AfricaSlide21
Discovery of FireSlide22
Stage 4(250,000-30,000 BC)
Homo Sapiens “Wise human”Showed rapid brain growth and mastered fire.
Spread out of
A
frica and to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago
Replaced populations of other early hominids in Europe and Asia called
Neanderthals
. Slide23
Stage 5(30,000 B.C. to present)
Homo Sapiens Sapiens or “wise wise human”
The spread of these early humans was a slow process.
Over many thousands of years, Homo Sapiens
Sapiens
spread over the globe as they
searched for food
.
In a whole generation, they may have moved only two or three miles.
Over tens of thousands of years, this was enough to
populate the world
. Slide24Slide25
Bering Land BridgeSlide26
Homework Review – Page 8
Question 1: Apply the “out of Africa” theory to explain the connection between early hominids such as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens.
Answer
: The “out-of-Africa” theory says that Homo sapiens
sapiens
probably spread out of Africa to other parts of the world. Homo sapiens
sapiens
replaced populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia. Slide27
Question 2
:
Use your notes and other ideas to describe early humans and their lives during the Paleolithic Age.
Answer
:
During the Paleolithic
Age, early humans used simple stone tools and lived a nomadic life based on hunting and gathering. They lived in small groups.Slide28
Question 3
:
How do we define and learn about prehistory?
Answer
:
Prehistory is the time before writing was developed. To learn about
this time, archaeologists examine artifacts and human fossils. These objects help reveal information about early societies. Slide29
Question 4
:
How did hominids develop?
Answer
:
Hominids
developed from Australopithecus, found in eastern and southern Africa. From these “southern apes,” other hominids developed: homo
habilis
, and homo erectus. Slide30
BellringerYou will be creating a
timeline in your notebook.Label your timeline “Evolution of Early Hominids”
Include
earliest
dates for the following:
1. Australopithecus
2. Homo
Habilis
3. Homo Erectus
4. Homo
Sapien
5. Homo
Sapien
Sapien
6. Discovery of fire
7. Migration out of AfricaSlide31
The Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age – 2,500,000 BC – 10,000 BCAlso known as the “
Old Stone Age”.Early humans were survived through the use of simple stone tools. Over the years, Paleolithic hunters developed better tools.
Bow and arrow, fishhooks, harpoons, made hunting easier. Slide32
NomadsFor hundreds of thousands of years, humans relied on hunting and gathering for daily food. People were
nomadic – moved from place to place to survive. Travelled in small groups of 20 to 30 people. Followed animal migration and vegetation cycles. Slide33
The Ice AgesMost recent Ice Age began around 100,000 BC. and ended about 8,000 BC.
During this time, thick sheets of ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. Sea levels went down and people migrated across land bridges that had not existed before. Having fire as a source of heat was important in Ice Age conditions. Slide34
Paleolithic ArtPaleolithic peoples did more than just surviveCave paintings of large animals were found at
Lascaux in France and in Altamira in Spain.Reveals cultural activity of Paleolithic peoples.Slide35
Chauvet Cave
The Chauvet cave discovered in France in 1994 contained more than 300 paintings of lions, oxen, owls, panthers, and other animals. Through carbon dating, archaeologists date the Chauvet cave art at about 32,000 years old. Slide36
Purpose?Most of these were animals they did not hunt, which indicates they were painted for religious or decorative purposes. Slide37
Lesson 2The Neolithic Revolution
8,000 B.C. – 4,000 B.CSlide38
Agricultural RevolutionObjective: How did developments in the
Neolithic period impact early human history? Slide39
Agricultural RevolutionSome historians believe this revolution was the single most important development in human history.
Neolithic Revolution: shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the
keeping
of animals and
growing
of food.
Systematic Agriculture:
keeping of animals and growing of food on a regular basis. Slide40
Shift away from Nomadic LifeAgriculture requires nomadic peoples to live in
permanent settlements.Populations begin to rise in areas where plant and animal domestication occurred.
When the
first plow
is invented, crop production increases rapidly
by 4000 BC. World population grows from 5-8 million to 60-70 million. Slide41
Surplus Definition: More than what is needed or required.
With the agricultural revolution, food surplus came as a result. What were some of the effects of food surplus?
People didn’t have to worry about finding food all the time
People had food stored for winter season
Increased leisure time
Freedom to pursue other interestsSlide42
Use of AnimalsDomestication of animals: adapting animals for human useReliable source of meat, milk, wool
Could be used to do workSlide43
Farming VillagesGrowing crops regularly gave rise to permanent settlements, called Neolithic farming villages
.Appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. Oldest villages were in Middle EastTurn to MAP Pg 10Slide44
First
Villages Develop
Jericho
Modern
Israel
First settled:
8000BCE
Catalhuyuk
Modern Turkey
First settled:
7000BCESlide45
Between 8,000 BC and 5,000 BC, agriculture developed in various parts of the world.
What do you notice about the core areas?
Middle East India
Meso
/South America
China
Southeast
Asia
11,000 BCE 7,000 BCE
6,000
BCE
6,000
BCE 5,000 BCESlide46
Advantages & Costs of Agriculture
Advantages
Costs
Steady food supplies
Surplus
Greater populations
Leads to
organized societies
capable of supporting job specialization (soldiers, weavers, scribes, etc.)
Heavily dependant on certain food crops (failure = starvation)
Disease from close contact with animals, humans, & waste
Can’
t easily leave sitesSlide47
Effects of FarmingSlide48
Discussion Question 1
Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?Slide49
Discussion Question 2
Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?Slide50
Why is the
"Neolithic Revolution"
a turning point
in human history??
Discussion Question 3Slide51
What is the
next step in the
development of
human settlements??Slide52
CIVILIZATIONS !!
CITIES !Slide53
What are the
characteristics
of a civilization??Slide54
Advanced
Cities
CIVILIZATION
Government
Social Structure
Art
Religion
WritingSlide55
6 Features of Civilization
Advanced cities-
large populations that rely on farming and TRADESlide56
2. Government – organization and regulation of human activity, providing for smooth interactions between individuals and groups.Slide57
3. Religion – developed to explain forces of nature and their role in the world. Rituals grew, and were aimed at pleasing the gods.Slide58
4. Social Structure – Rulers, priests, government officials, and warriors dominated society. Below were farmers, artisans, craftspeople, and at the bottom were slaves. based on economic power. Slide59
5. Writing – upper classes used writing to keep records as well as for creative expression. Produced world
’s first works of literature. Slide60
6. Art/Architecture – Architects built temples and pyramids as places for worship and burial of kings. Painters and sculptors portrayed stories of nature and depicted gods and rulers they worshipped. Slide61
Which aspects of Civilization do these images depict?