Ricinus Communis ID: 814785
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Slide1
“Antiurolithic activity of Extracts of Roots of Ricinus Communis”
PRESENTED BY JUHI TIWARI
Slide21. Introduction
Herbal medicine : Medicinal plants are used by all the cultures across the world . According to W.H.O estimates around 80% of population in developing countries use herbal drugs for some aspects of primary health care. Herbs are the staple of medical treatment in many developing countries.The urinary system: The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
Kidney: kidneys are the principal regulators of the internal environment of the body. The composition of all body fluids is either directly or indirectly regulated by the kidneys as they form urine from blood plasma.
The kidneys which are two in number, lies on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of vertebral column, behind the peritoneal cavity and below the diaphragm. Kidneys are bean-shaped organs, about 11 cm long, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick and weigh 150 g. They are embedded in, and held in position by, a mass of fat
(Scanlon
et al.,
2007).
Introduction to
Urolithiasis
It is also called Nephrolithiasis or kidney stone.
Urolithiasis is the presence of calculi in the urinary tract.
Eighty percent of calculi are composed of calcium (either oxalate or phosphate).
Others composed of
struvite
, uric acid,
xanthine
or
cystine
.
Slide3Slide4Urolithiasis Martin L.J.A(2002) Urolithiasis
may be defined as the solid accumulation of the material that form in the urinary system which may be in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder or other parts of system.This process is also known as super saturation of the urine i.e greater number of solute in a solvent. Urolithiasis
is the third most common cause of urinary tract disease , predominantly in male gender in proportion of approximately 2:1 and is characterized by a recurrence rate of 50% and reaching 70% within 10 years.
Incidence of upper urinary tract stone was 2.4 fold greater in men than in women.
Epidemiology
Joual
, A. (1997)
Slide5Process of stone formation (Atmania et al., 2004)
Supersaturation
Saturation
Nucleation
Crystal aggregation
Crystal growth
Stone formation
Etiology of Urolithiasis
(
Pfien
et al.,
1990)
Family History of Renal Stone Disease
Occupational or Situational Risk Factors
Systemic Diseases
Medications
Dietary Factors
Bacterial
infection
Symptoms of Kidney Stones
(
Parmar
et al., 2004). Renal pain Hematuria Pyuria Dysuria Oligouria
Abdominal distension
Nausea/vomiting
Fever and chills
Postrenal
azotemia
Slide6Classification of Kidney Stone Coe FL (2005)
Calcium containing Stone Calcium Oxalate Stone (60%)Calcium Phosphate Stone (20%)Struvite Stone (8%)Uric Acid Stone (10%)Cystine Stone(1.5%)2,8-di hydroxy adenine stone(0.5%)
Stones were formed when there is a decrease in urine volume and or
excess in stone forming substance in urine. Dehydration , different medical condition and also low level of dietary calcium intake may alter calcium oxalate balance thus resulting in increased excretion of oxalate and propensity to form oxalate stone.
Causes for kidney stone
Slide7Need of studyThere are so many research has been already done in respect to urolithiasis but there is still need to research a safe and effective drug for the treatment of
urolithiasis because there is no satisfactory drug in modern medicine which can dissolve stone therefore physician still remain to be depend on alternate system of medicine for their better relief , which is economically costly and produces major side effects .Objective of study
To
conduct systematic phytochemical investigation of roots of
Ricinus
Communis
.
To conduct acute toxicity .
To develop
urolithiasis
model in rats .
To evaluate anti
urolithiatic
activity of extract of roots of
Ricinus
Communis
.
To evaluate antimicrobial activity of roots of Ricinus
Communis .
Slide8RICINUS COMMUNIS : Plant profile :
Slide9Ricinus
Communis Tewari, D.D. (2012)Ricinus Communis : Castor Oil Plant .Herbaceous plant or semi woody large , dicot , shrub or small tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae .
Reported activities
Anti asthmatic , anti inflammatory, anti microbial , anti fungal , anti histaminic activities, Anti
hepato
toxicity,
Antinociceptive
, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity, Antibacterial activity.
Slide10Animals And Experiments. Sprague Dawley rats , weighing 100+
5 gm from the animal house of Pinnacle Biomedical Research Institute, Bhopal. Animal maintenance and handling were in accordance to CPCSEA. Extraction Pradnya Onkar et.al (2012)
The powdered roots of
Ricinus
communis
was extracted by means of maceration process .
powder was subjected to cold maceration with pet ether initially and afterward marc was treated with hydro-alcoholic solution in a jar, for about 7 days at room temperature.
Authentication
Botansit
: Dr.
Pradeep
Tiwari
and Herbarium No. Bot./Her./B/1123 was deposited in the herbarium of the
Hari
Singh Gaur
Vishwa
Vidyalaya
,
Sagar (Madhya Pradesh). cont.
Slide11PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTING Khandelwal K.R., (2003)
The crude extract of Ricinus Communis was screened for the presence of different phyto chemical substanceTest for alkaloids : Dragendorff’s test, Mayer’s test, Hager’s test, Wagner’s test. Test for saponins
Test for Glycosides : Legal’s test, Baljet’s test, Keller killani test and Borntrager’s
test. Test for carbohydrates : Molisch test, Fehling’s test, Benedict’s test
5) Test for tannins and
phenolic
compound
6) Test for
flavonoids
Acute oral toxicity OECD 2001- guideline Acute oral toxicity study of hydro alcoholic and petroleum ether extract was carried out according to OECD 423 guidelines.
Slide13Anti microbial activityWell Diffusion Method (
El-Mahmood et al., 2008 & Bauer et al.,1966): Zone of inhibition was measured.Anti oxidant activity DPPH Activity (Patil et al, 2009) : percentage of inhibition was measured Hydrogen Peroxide
Scavanging Assay (
Patil et al, 2009) : percentage of inhibition was measured
Reducing Power Assay (
Jayanthi
and
Lalitha
2011) :
Increase in absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates the reducing power of the Samples.
Total
Phenolic
Content (
Maurya
S , Singh D, 2010) :
Line of regression from Gallic acid was used for estimation .
Total
flavonoid
Content (
Maurya S , Singh D, 2010) :
Line of regression from rutin was used for estimation
Slide14Procedure of dpph and hydrogen peroxide assayPreparation of Standard Ascorbic acid solutions
Preparation of Test solutionsPreparation of Control solutionPercentage of antioxidant activity of plant extract and Ascorbic acid was calculated by using formula:
Slide15Procedure of reducing power assayPreparation of Standard Ascorbic acid solutions
Preparation of Test solutions.Increase in absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates the reducing power of the Samples. Procedure of total phenolic contentDifferent concentration of gallic acid and plant extract was prepared in methanol.0.5ml of each sample was introduced into test tube and mixed with 2.5ml of a 10 fold dilute folin Ciocalteu reagent and 2ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate was prepared in methanol.
Slide16Calculation of tpcLine of regression from Gallic acid was used for estimation of unknown phenol
content.From standard curve of gallic acid line of regression was found to be : Thus the goodness of fit was found to be good for selected standard curve. By putting the absorbance of test sample (y = absorbance) in line of regression of above mentioned GA. Total flavonoid content : Total flavonoids were measured by a colorimetric method . standard solution of rutin
was added to a 75 μl of NaNO2 solution, and mixed for 6 min, before adding 0.15
mL AlCl3 (100 g/L). After 5 min, 0.5
mL
of
NaOH
was added. The final volume was adjusted to 2.5 ml with distilled water and thoroughly mixed. Absorbance of the mixture was determined at 510 nm against the same mixture, without the sample, as a blank. Total
flavonoid
content was expressed as mg
rutin
/
g dry weight (mg
rutine
/
g DW), through the calibration curve of
Rutin
. All samples were analysed in three replications.
y = 0.005x + 0.065 and R
2
= 0.976
Slide17Calculation of tfcLine of regression from rutin
was used for estimation of unknown flavonoid content. From standard curve of rutin, line of regression was found to be : Thus the goodness of fit was found to be good for selected standard curve. By putting the absorbance of test sample (y = absorbance) in line of regression of above mentioned rutin.
y = 0.001x - 0.118 and R
2 = 0.985
Slide18InVitro Assesement of Anti urolithic ActivityCalcium Oxalate crystallization (Beghalia M., Ghalem S.,Allali
H., Belouatek A.,
Marouf A.2008 ,2009) : By determining the crystal size.
Procedure
Preparation of synthetic urine.
Simulation of the sedimentary crystal formation
The crystal size development by microscope was carried out at different time intervals of formation of crystals . Calculated percentage of Inhibition was based on the formula:
I% = [(TSI- TAI) / TSI] * 100
Slide19Ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride induced urolithiasis model was used to asses the antiurolithiatic activity in rats. Cystone was taken to serve as a standard for anti
urolithic activity. Preparation of doses : All the doses were prepared in hydro alcoholic and DMSO solvent . In all cases, the concentration was prepared according to body weight of animal. Evaluation of Antiurolithic activity
: Animals were divided into 7 groups containing six animals in each group and kept in a metabolic cages individually for entire duration of experiment. All animals had free access to regular rat chow and drinking water ad
libitum .
In vivo
assesement
of anti
urolithic
activity
Anil T.
Pawar
(2012)
Slide20Experimental design for Antiurolithiatic activity
Group I- Control groupGroup II- Lithiatic ControlGroup III- Preventive RegimenGroup IV- Preventive RegimenGroup V- Preventive RegimenGroup VI- Preventive RegimenGroup VII- Cystone treatedDescription of groups Group I- Control group: Normal saline was given to the rats.Group II- Control group: Lithiatic induction was done by ethylene glycol and ammonium
chloride.This group serve as control for gp. III to gp
. VI.Group III- Hydroalcoholic extract of Ricinus
Communis
200 mg / kg
bwt.was
given with inducing agent to determine the
antiurolithic ability of extract. Cont…
Slide21Group IV- Hydroalcoholic extract of Ricinus Communis
400 mg / kg bwt.was given with inducing agent to determine the antiurolithic ability of extract. Group V- Petroleum ether extract of Ricinus Communis 200 mg / kg bwt.was given with inducing agent to determine the antiurolithic ability of extract.Group VI- Petroleum ether extract of
Ricinus Communis 400 mg / kg bwt.was
given with inducing agent to determine the antiurolithic ability of extract.
Group VII- Animals was treated with standard drug
cystone
750 mg/kg
bwt
. To compare the result of extracts.
All rats were housed in metabolic cages individually for entire duration of the experiment. On 22
nd day all the groups was sacrificed.
After the termination of experiment blood was collected by cardiac puncture and serum was separated by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 10 min.
Histopathology Divakar K et .al
The abdomen was cut open to remove either kidney from each animal. Isolated kidneys were cleaned off extraneous tissue and preserved in 10% formalin. One of the isolated kidneys was then embedded in paraffin using conventional method and cut into 5 µm thick sections and stained using hematoxylin-eosin dye and finally mounted in diphenyl xylene. Then the sections were observed under microscope for histopathological changes in kidney architecture and their photomicrographs was taken. Measurement of Biochemical Marker Creatinine , BUN , Urea , Uric Acid , Phosphate , Calcium was determined by the method given in the protocol of Erba
Diagnostic Ltd..Creatinine :
Creatinine react with alkaline picrate to produce an orange-yellow color
. The absorbance of the orange-yellow
color
formed is directly proportional to
creatinine
concentration .
Creatinine
was calculated by determining the ratio of change in absorbance of test and standard multiplied by concentration of standard. Cont….
Slide23Blood urea nitrogen and urea :The estimation of urea in serum involves the enzyme catalysed reactions in which the urea is react with water to form ammonia, which in turn reacts with
α-ketoglutarate and NADH to form glutamate. The rate of decrease in absorbance is monitored at 340 nm and is directly proportional to urea concentration in the sample.Uric Acid : Estimation is done with a modified Trinder peroxidase method using TBHB. Estimation of uric acid requires reaction with water and oxygen forming hydrogen peroxide which reacts with 2, 4, 6 Tribromo 3- hydroxyl benzoic acid and 4 Aminoantipyrine to form Quinoneimine
. This is proportion to uric acid concentration. Calcium :
Calcium has numerous function within the body , not only as a structural factor in bones and teeth , but also in normal neuro muscular function and the clotting of the blood .OCPC reacts with calcium in alkaline solution to form a purple coloured complex . The intensity of the purple colour formed is proportional to the calcium concentration .
Phosphorus
:
The principle of the method is based on the reaction in which phosphorus reacts with ammonium
molybdate
to form
phosphomolybdate
. This unreduced Complex (
phospho
molybdate
) is directly proportional to inorganic phosphorus present in sample.
Kidney Homogenate Analysis Spakal VD (2008)
Another isolated left kidney was then homogenized. The homogenate was centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 10 min and supernatant separated. The enzymatic estimation of kidney homogenate was determined by SOD , GSH and LPO. Preparation of homogenateOrgan was rinsed with ice cold normal saline followed by 0.15 M tris HCl (pH 7.4).Then the organ was divide and 10% w/v tissue was homogenize with 0.15 M tris HCl and 0.1 M Phosphate buffer . Then this homogenate was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm ,15 min , 4 °C, and take supernatant as sample. Supernatant was preserved in deep freeze at 2 °C.
Slide25Analytical Parameter of Kidney homogenateSuper oxide Dismutase
, (Spakal VD 2008) : Percentage of inhibition was measured. Lipid Peroxidase, (Spakal VD 2008) : Obtained result are equivalent to MDA.Glutathione
(Spakal VD 2008) :
5,5’-dithio bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid is reduced in presence of GSH to produce a yellow compound. The reduced chromogen is directly proportional to GSH conc.
Slide26SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASEChemicals Used
: sodium pyrophosphate buffer, phenazine methosulphate ,Nitroblutetrazolium , NADH. Take OD at 560 nm (take butanol as blank)LIPID PEROXIDE : Chemicals Used : SDS , acetic acid ,TBA, butanol , pyridine , Take OD at 532 nm (blank – butanol
: pyridine / 15:1) (this absorbance will be of total MDA formed).Glutathione :
Chemicals Used : TCA, EDTA , Ellman’s reagent, sodium citrate solution. Take OD at 412 nm (water as blank)
ResultPhysical Characters of Extracts : Hydroalcoholic
Petroleum EtherColor Brown Greenish Brown Odour Sweet Aromatic Appearance Sticky Sticky
%age yeild
6.82% 1.45% Phytochemical testing : Carbohydrate , reducing sugar,
flavonoids
, glycosides, tannin and
phenolic
compound are present in
hydroalcoholic
extract whereas tannin and
phenolic and triterpenoids
and steroids are present in petroleum ether extract.
Slide28Graphs showing antioxidant activity
DPPH AssayHydrogen peroxide scavenging assay
% Inhibition of DPPH by PE Extract at different concentration
% Inhibition of DPPH by HA Extract at different concentration
Inhibition of Hydrogen peroxide by PE Extract at different concentration
Inhibition of Hydrogen peroxide by HA Extract at different concentration
Slide29Graphs showing Antimicrobial activity
Zone of inhibition due to Ricinus communis
HA extract in different microorganism
Zone of inhibition due to
Ricinus
communis
PEEextract
in different microorganism
Slide30Graph showing invitroanti urolithic activty
% inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal
at different time interval due to HAE
% inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal
at different time interval due to PEE
Slide31Acute Oral ToxicityNo mortality was observed up to 2000 mg/kg, hence 2000 mg/kg was considered as NOAEL.1/10th and 1/5
th of NOAEL, i.e.200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were selected as dose for further in vivo investigation.InVivo Antiurolithic Activity (Serological Analysis)CREATININE BUN
Graph showing serum creatinine concentration in different groups.
Graph showing blood urea nitrogen
concentration in different groups.
Slide32URIC ACID UREA
Graph showing uric acid concentration
in different groups.
Graph showing urea concentration
in different groups
.
PHOSPHATE
Graph showing phosphate concentration
in different groups.
CALCIUM
Graph showing serum calcium concentration in different groups.
Slide33Graph showing effect on enzyme involved in oxidative stressLIPID PEROXIDASE
Graph showing effect on
LPOenzyme
due
to both extract in various groups
.
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
Graph showing effect on SOD enzyme
due to both extract in various groups
GLUTATHIONE
Graph showing effect on glutathione enzyme due to both extract in various groups
Slide34Recently, there is increasing evidence that many healthy natural food and medicinal herbal and supplements have the potential to become valuable complementary therapy in the treatment of various renal disorders. In spite of tremendous advances in the field of medicine, there is no truly satisfactory drug for the treatment of urolithiasis.
In the present study, dried powder of Ricinus Communis was subjected to extraction using petrolium ether and hydro-alcohol (70% Dis.water+30% Methanol). Some part of both extracts was reserved for preliminary phytochemical investigation and rest was utilized for pharmacological screening. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of H A extract showed presence of carbohydrate , reducing sugar, flavanoids , glycoside , tannin and
phenolic compound and in PE extract tannin and phenolic compounds and triterpenoids
and steroids are present.
Conclusion
Slide35The present study indicates that the administration of Ricinus Communis extract to rats with ethylene glycol (0.75 %) and ammonium chloride (1 %) induced urolithiasis
, reduced and prevented the growth of kidney stones and renal impairment. The hydroalcoholic extract was having significant protective effect against ethylene glycol with ammonium chloride induced urolithiasis than petrolium ether extract. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the supplementation of Ricinus Communis has a beneficial effect on urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol with ammonium chloride solution and may be also by other chemical factors.Whenever ,a patient is suffering from urolithiasis the chances of microbial infection in the kidney or urinary tract is much higher. This infection may be due to any particular pathogenesis or due to the histological damage that can occur due to sharp edges of the crystals. Some time the urinary tract itself gets injury and further microbial infection due to movement of small stone through the tract. The
Ricinus Communis
showed significant antimicrobial potential against S.aureus,
Kleibsiella
, B.
subtillus
and
E.Coli
. These microorganisms are common for urinary tract infection. Some time these microorganism themselves create an environmental condition in the kidney or urinary tract that favours
the formation of kidney stone. Thus being antimicrobial against these microorganisms the
Ricinus
Communis
extract will decrease the chances of microbial infection as well as the chances of
favourism
for the condition in support of crystal growth.
Slide36This study also includes the in vitro antiurolithic study and it was observed that extract significantly inhibited formation of crystals. Hence extract was having some component that is avoiding formation of calcium oxalate crystals. To ascertain safety of any component intended to used inside the body, it needs to be confirmed. In present study extracts acute oral toxicity was confirmed on the basis of OECD 423 guidelines. It was observed that extract was not toxic
upto the dose of 2000 mg/kg and hence it was considered as Not Observed Adverse Effect Limit (NOAEL). As mentioned above for assessment of antiurolithic activity of HA and PE extract urolithiasis was induced by using ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride. Ist group was not having any treatment and hence was called as vehicle treated. IInd group was having only induced with vehicle and rest groups were having treatments including standard drug Cystone in last group. Assessment was done on three bases, first on the basis of kidney function test (including
Creatinine and BUN), estimation of factor involved in stone formation (Uric acid, Urea, Phosphate, and calcium), and effect of enzymes involved in oxidative stress (LPO, SOD, and GSH).
It was observed that in induced group (group 2) level of Creatinine, BUN was significantly higher as compared to vehicle treated animals. In chronic renal failure and uremia, an eventual reduction occurs in the excretion of creatinine. The most frequently determined clinical indices for estimating renal function depends upon concentration of urea in the serum. It is useful in differential diagnosis of acute renal failure and pre renal condition where BUN–
creatinine ratio is increased.This confirmed that by administration of EG and AC malfunctioning in kidney occurred. In extract treated animals with HA extract has significant decrease in Creatinine and BUN level as compared to inducer group . Effect of PEextract was not significant. Uric acid, Urea , Phosphate , and calcium level in kidney were also elevated in inducer group as compared to vehicle treated group. In extract treated animals with HA extract significant decrease in Uric acid, Urea, Phosphate, and calcium level as compared to inducer group . Effect of PE extract was not significant. Level of SOD and Glutathione was significantly less in inducer treated group as compared to vehicle treated animals and LPO level was significantly higher in induced treated animals this confirmed that in inducer group oxidative stress was much higher. In extract treated animals level of GSH and SOD was significantly higher as compared to inducer group and LPO was significantly less as compared to inducer group. Thus from present investigation it can be concluded that
hydroalcoholic extract of roots of Ricinus
communis possess significant antiurolithic activity.
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