1.3 What are the causes and effects of disordered eating? - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

1.3 What are the causes and effects of disordered eating?

Causes and Effects

of Disordered EatingSlide2

Disordered Eating

Many people have difficulty achieving good nutrition due to disordered eating patterns.

Disordered eating patterns include:

Fad DietingYo-Yo dietingAnorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Slide3

Disordered Eating

Dissatisfaction with body size and shape and dealing with stress, self-hatred, hurt and shame may trigger disordered eating patterns.

‘… A serious risk factor in the development of an eating disorder, particularly bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder with adolescent girls who diet at a severe level being 18 times more likely to develop an eating disorder within 6 months… Over 12 months they have a 1 in 5 chance of developing an eating disorder.’

(Butterfly Foundation 2009)Slide4

Fad Dieting

A highly publicised diet that offers quick weight loss.

Often promoted in magazines and in the media as used by celebrities.

Often requires the reduction of a particular food group. This food group will be blamed as the cause of the weight gain.Slide5

Fad Dieting

Recommended for a limited time; thus, do not support long term dietary improvements.

Initial accelerated weight loss can occur, but is generally due to water loss.

Weight loss is short lived and generally does not meet the promises made by the diet.Slide6

Fad Dieting

Q1. Can you think of any examples of ‘Fad Diets’?Slide7

Research - Fad Diets

Cabbage Soup Diet

Israeli Army Diet

Atkins Diet The Grapefruit diet The Dukan Diet Cheater’s Diet 2005

Task 1: Research two fad diets listed above and describe the details of each diet.

Task 2: Find a fad diet of your choice and share with the class. Slide8

Yo-Yo Dieting

When followers of fad diets swap between different diets or alternate between their normal eating pattern and dieting.

Food restrictions tend to reduce basal metabolic rate. Any return to “normal” eating patterns usually results in rebound weight gain.

Often more weight is gained than lost when on the diet.Slide9

Anorexia Nervosa

A person with Anorexia Nervosa will weigh less than 85% of what is expected for his/her age and height and may look emaciated.

(National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)

‘…characterised by low body weight and body image distortion with an obsessive fear of gaining weight which manifests itself through depriving the body of food.’

(Eating Disorders Victoria 2011)

‘…the most fatal of all psychiatric

illnesses… can

lead to starvation, malnutrition and a dangerously low body weight – all of which are synonymous with a host of health problems, and in some cases death.’

(Eating Disorders Victoria 2011)Slide10

Causes

Genetic Vulnerability

‘The

genes that are most implicated in passing on eating disorders are within biological systems that relate to food intake, appetite, metabolism, mood, and reward-pleasure responses.’ (National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)

Psychiatric factors

Perfectionism

Obsessive-compulsiveness

Negative

emotionality

Harm

avoidance

Core

low self-esteem

Socio-cultural

influences

‘

Evidence

shows that socio-cultural influences play a role in the development of eating disorders, particularly among people who internalise the Western beauty ideal of thinness.’ (National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)‘…images in our culture today suggest that beauty is equated with thinness for females and a lean, muscular body for males. People who internalise this ‘thin ideal’ have a greater risk of developing body dissatisfaction which can lead to eating disorder behaviours.’ (National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)Slide11

Who does it affect?

Eating disorders are most frequent in young women, usually presenting at the onset of puberty or in later adolescence, with an increasing incidence in boys and young men.

(The Butterfly Foundation 2009)

In adolescence, it often results from an inability to cope with adult pressures and difficulty in resolving conflicts, emotional problems and adult responsibilities.In adulthood it is usually caused by grief or depression:

Tardive Anorexia Slide12

Risk Factors – Psychological and Social

Low self-esteem and feelings of inadequacy

Incidence of depression or anxiety

Fear of the responsibility of adulthood Difficulty expressing emotions and feelings, particularly ‘negative’ emotions such as anger, sadness.

Ineffective coping strategies

Perfectionism

Fear or avoidance of conflict

Impulsive or obsessive behaviours

A need to please others

Highly concerned with the opinions of others

Prone to extremes, such as ‘black and white’ thinking

Cultural value placed on ‘thinness’ as an inextricable part of beauty.

Current cultural emphasis on the need for a ‘perfect body’.

Valuing of people according to outward appearance and not inner qualities.

Media and popular culture's portrayal of men and women's shapes and bodies that are not representative of ‘real’ men and women.

Pressure to achieve and succeed

Professions with an emphasis on body shape and size (

eg. dancers, models, athletes)Source: Eating Disorders Victoria 2012Slide13

Risk Factors – Biological & External

Research has indicated that in some people with eating disorders there is an imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain.

Adolescence and the associated physical, hormonal and neural changes

Genetic or environmental factors. For example, a person who is exposed to a parent or sibling with an eating disorder is at a higher risk of developing an eating disorder themselves. Some research suggests this is due to genetic predisposition - rather than just learned behaviour

Life events, particularly those involving major changes (

eg

. loss of a family member or friend, the divorce or separation of parents, moving schools)

Dieting

Peer pressure

Inability to effectively deal with stress

Personal or family history of obesity, depression or substance abuse

Troubled personal or family relationships

Sexual or physical abuse

History of teasing or bullying, particularly when based on weight or shape

Source: Eating Disorders Victoria 2012Slide14

Symptoms of Anorexia

Distorted body image

Seeing body as much larger than it is in reality

Very strict attitudes towards food and eatingPossibly leading to developing phobias about food

Amenorrhoea

Loss of menstrual periods, returning to a child like state of body and emotionsSlide15

Symptoms of Anorexia

Lanugo

Excess fine body hair

Exercising to excess in order to burn kilojoules.Self induced vomitingFeeling cold when others may be warm

BMR is lowered due to fastingSlide16

Symptoms of Anorexia

Low self esteem

Mineral and Fluid imbalances

Causes kidney failure, heart attack and deathDry scaly skinExtreme fatigue

Tooth decaySlide17

Common Behaviours

Deceit and lying about food

Claiming they have already eaten.

Concealing food and then disposing of it.Use of laxatives or diuretics

Vomiting after eating

Mood swings, agitated behaviour and personality changes

Perfectionist expectations of self, body, work, study and others close to them

Excessive exercise and/or food restriction

Aggressive when forced to eat ‘Forbidden Foods.’

‘About 40 per cent of people with Anorexia Nervosa will later develop Bulimia Nervosa.’

(Eating Disorders Victoria 2012)Slide18

Treatment

Counselling, monitoring of weight and food intake, often in hospital.

Psychological help to improve self esteem and self confidence.

Constant and close supervision with skilled medical care.Patient is never left alone while eating and mechanisms are in place to prevent purgingMonitoring of meal planning and psychological counselling during the recovery phase which may be required for many years.Slide19

Effectiveness of Treatment

Relapses are common

‘In 30% of cases where treatment is not received the person suffering from anorexia dies from lack of nourishment, heart/ kidney failure, dehydration, exhaustion or suicide.’

(Magee 2010)The mortality rate for people with eating disorders is the highest of all psychiatric illnesses and over 12 times that seen in people without eating disorders

.

’

(National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)

‘1

in 5 premature deaths of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are caused by

suicide.’

(National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)Slide20

Bulimia Nervosa

‘

Bulimia Nervosa is characterised by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours

.’ (National Eating Disorders Collaboration 2013)

Bulimia Nervosa often starts with weight-loss dieting in the ‘pursuit for thinness’.Slide21

Bulimia Nervosa

‘Binge episodes are associated with a sense of loss of control and immediately followed by feelings of guilt and shame, which leads the person to compensatory behaviour (purging) such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, overexercising and/or the misuse of laxatives, enemas or diuretics.’

(Eating Disorders Victoria 2012)Slide22

Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa

‘Usually maintains an average weight, or may be slightly above or below average weight for height, which often makes it less recognisable than serious cases of Anorexia Nervosa.

Dental decay

Due to Hydrochloric acid from the stomach reacting with tooth enamel

Abdominal pain, Nausea, Headaches

and fluid imbalances

Kidney problems

Potassium depletion

If laxatives are used Slide23

Treatment

‘Many people, including some health professionals, incorrectly assume that a person must be underweight and thin if they have an eating disorder. Because of this, Bulimia Nervosa is often missed and can go undetected for a long period of time.’

(Eating Disorders Victoria 2012)

Long term counselling for psychological problems

Success linked closely to encouraging sufferers to feel happy, confident and comfortable with their body shape.

Establishing strategies to maintain an appropriate diet which is monitored closely.