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AHPP Seeks to identify,  evaluate, register, and preserve Arkansas’s cultural resources, AHPP Seeks to identify,  evaluate, register, and preserve Arkansas’s cultural resources,

AHPP Seeks to identify, evaluate, register, and preserve Arkansas’s cultural resources, - PowerPoint Presentation

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AHPP Seeks to identify, evaluate, register, and preserve Arkansas’s cultural resources, - PPT Presentation

The National Register of Historic Places is the countrys official list of historically significant sites worthy of preservation Something Important Happened There Little Rock Central High School ID: 646089

arkansas slaves slave courtesy slaves arkansas courtesy slave amendment congress born library freed work states county rock slavery helena

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Slide1
Slide2

AHPP Seeks to identify, evaluate, register, and preserve Arkansas’s cultural resources, reflected in the built environment. Slide3

The National Register of Historic Places is the country's official list of historically significant sites worthy of preservation. Slide4

Something Important Happened There

Little Rock Central High School Slide5

Someone Important Lived There

Bill Clinton’s Boyhood Home, Hot Springs Slide6

Architectural Significance

Thorncrown Chapel

Eureka Springs Slide7

The Impact of the 13

th

Amendment in Arkansas Slide8

The US Constitution and Slavery

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 Slide9

The Three-Fifths Compromise Slide10

=

5 slaves would be counted only as 3 people for taxation and representation purposes. Slide11

No

person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due

.”

Article IV, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the US Constitution states: Slide12

“The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person

.”

Article I, Section 9, Paragraph 1 of the US Constitution states: Slide13

Slavery in Arkansas

Courtesy Library of Congress Slide14

The First Slaves in ArkansasSlide15

Where did slaves live in Arkansas?

Courtesy Library of Congress Slide16

Who owned slaves in Arkansas?

1803-1840:

Most Slaves were Owned by Small Farmers and Pioneers

After 1840:

Most slaves were owned by Plantation Owners. A “Planter” was defined as anyone with enough land to require ownership of 20 slaves or more.

By 1860:

17.5% of the population either owned slaves directly or was a member of a family who owned them.

Taylor, Orville W. 

Negro Slavery in Arkansas

, 56. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1958Slide17

Elisha Worthington,

One of Arkansas’s Largest Slave Owners at the Time of the Civil War Slide18

Lycurgus Johnson,

Owner of Lakeport Plantation in Chicot County

Courtesy Lakeport Plantation Slide19

What kind of work did slaves do?

Field Work

From Frank Leslie’s Illustrated NewspaperSlide20

What kind of work did slaves do?

House Work

Painting, “Sunday Morning in the Kitchen,” c.

1845, Kentucky Historical SocietySlide21

What kind of work did slaves do?

Skilled Work

Courtesy of MonticelloSlide22

Did Slaves Have Any Rights?

No.

Slaves Could Not:

Legally get married

Travel without written permission from their owner

Own property

Vote

Raise their own children if the slave owner decided to sell them

Determine where they lived or what kind of work they did Slide23

How were Slaves Punished?

Short of outright murder, masters could punish their slaves however they wanted. Whipping was a very common punishment.Slide24

In Their Own Words

“If

the overseer couldn’t make a slave behave, the old doctor went out with a gun and shot him. When the slaves on other plantations couldn’t be ruled, they was sold to Dr. Jordan and he ruled ‘em or killed ‘

em.”

– Lewis Brown, former slave, Pine Bluff, Arkansas

Courtesy Library of Congress Slide25

In Their Own Words

“[Master] Mathis

was cruel. He drunk all the time. He got mad and stamped my hand. I nearly lost the use of my hand. It was swollen way up and hurt and stayed so till his cousin noticed it. He was a doctor. He lived in the other end of the house—the same house. He found some bones broke loose in my hand

.”

--- Annie Gregg, former slave, Madison, Arkansas

Courtesy Library of Congress Slide26

In Their Own Words

“I

was born in Calhoun County, Arkansas in 1860, January 15th….My daddy was a white man, my master. His wife was so mean to me that my master sold me to keep her from beating me and kicking me and knocking me around. She would have killed me if she had got the chance

.”

---Augustus Robinson, former slave, Little Rock

 

Courtesy Library of Congress Slide27

The Fight Against Slavery

Frederick Douglas

William Lloyd GarrisonSlide28

In November 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. He was against slavery, and his election inspired southern states to secede from the Union. Slide29

The Civil War, 1861-1865 Slide30

March to July 1862

General Samuel Curtis’s

March to Helena

“On

our march the

[slaves]

fairly swarmed around us, coming from every mansion, log cabin and habitable place in the whole

region.” – Soldier on the way to HelenaSlide31

Contraband Camps in Helena

Courtesy Nebraska State Historical Society Slide32

Freedom Park, Helena

One of the contraband camps in Helena has been designated a Network to Freedom site by the National Park Service.

Courtesy Arkansasties.com Slide33

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by President Lincoln in September 1862 to go into effect on January 1, 1863

Did not free all slaves in the US, only those in states that joined the Confederacy Slide34

In Their Own Words

 "I heard them 

tell

the slaves they were free. A man named Captain Barkus who had his arm off at the 

elbow

called for the three near-by plantations to meet at our place. Then he got up on a 

platform

with another man beside him and declared peace and freedom. He

p'inted

to a colored man and yelled, 'You're free as I am.' Old colored folks, old as I am now, that 

was

on sticks,

throwed

them sticks away and shouted

.“

---

Lucretia

Alexander, Slave on the Read Plantation in Chicot County, ca. 1863Slide35

Observations of Chicot County in April 1863

“The [former slaves] in this country are very anxious to get away, and have been crowding the levee day after day, in hope of being taken on some of the transports lying here. They have shown themselves no only willing but anxious to point out the places where cotton and cattle were hidden, and have worked like badgers in getting them on board. Still, very few of the poor Africans have been permitted to leave this hateful shore, ardent as are their longings after liberty.” --- From the

Burlington Weekly Hawk EyeSlide36

13

th

Amendment

& The End of the Civil War

“Section

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction

.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

.”Slide37

Courtesy of http://randolphmiddleschool.wikispaces.com/ammendprSlide38

Courtesy Library of CongressSlide39

April 14, 1865

Courtesy Library of CongressSlide40

Courtesy Library of Congress Slide41

Courtesy Library of Congress

The Confederate Army in Arkansas began to collapse Slide42

Life in Arkansas for African Americans after Slavery Slide43

“My

grandfather, Henry Goodman, who was a teamster, old miss called him and told him to tell all the darkies to come to up to the house the next

day. The next day . . . They

all come up to the yard before the house. When they got there, she says to him — not to them; she wouldn’t talk to them that morning; maybe she was too full — ‘Henry, you all just as free now as I am. You can stay here with Miss Lucy or you can go to work with whosoever you will. You don’t belong to Miss Lucy no more

.’” – James Reeves, Little Rock

In Their Own Words Slide44

Freedmen’s Bureau

Blissville

, A Freedmen’s Settlement in Little Rock just west of the Old State House

Blissville

by Albert

Waud

courtesy Historic Arkansas Museum Slide45

Freedmen’s Bureau

Helped negotiate contracts and find jobs

Helped formalize marriages

Helped educate former slaves and their children

Helped reconcile separated families

Helped find homes for orphans

Helped protect civil rights Slide46

Leake

-Ingham

Building

Camden, Ouachita County

Courtesy Brandon RushSlide47

Charlotte Stephens, Educator

First African-American teacher in the Little Rock School District. She taught for seventy years, from 1869-1939.

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment Slide48

Scipio

Africanus

Jones,

Lawyer

W

ho had an important impact on civil rights law in Arkansas and set the foundation the Civil Right Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment Slide49

Scott Bond, Farmer

B

ecame a wealthy and influential farmer and businessman in Madison, Arkansas (St. Francis, County).

H

is holdings included 12,000 acres of farm land, a mercantile store, several cotton gins, a gravel pit, a lumber yard, and a sawmill.

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

Courtesy Arkansas History Commission Slide50

Joseph Booker,

Academic, Minister and Educator

B

ecame a pioneering minister and the first president of Arkansas Baptist College in Little Rock.

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

Courtesy Arkansas History Commission Slide51

Courtesy Butler Center for Arkansas Studies

Walter “Wiley” Jones,

Businessman

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

One of the first wealthy African Americans in the south, he owned a streetcar line in Pine Bluff, a race track, and had substantial investments in real estate. Slide52

Abraham Miller,

Politician and Minister

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

Courtesy Arkansas History Commission

After investments in real estate around Helena, Mr. Miller became wealthy. He was the first African-American ever elected to the legislature in Arkansas. He later became the first minister of Centennial Baptist Church in Helena. Slide53

Henry Jackson Lewis, Artist

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

Lewis became a well known artist and is often called the “first black political cartoonist” for his work published in the

Indianapolis Freeman

. He lived in Pine Bluff and Little Rock, and also worked as an illustrator for the Smithsonian Institution when they were investigating Mississippian mounds in Arkansas. Slide54

Bass Reeves,

U.S. Marshall

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

Became the first African-American Deputy Marshall west of the Mississippi River. He worked as a Federal peace officer in Fort Smith for 32 years. Slide55

Born a Slave, Freed by the 13

th

Amendment

James Mason,

First African American Postmaster in the United States

Son of Chicot County slave owner Elisha Worthington, James Mason became a postmaster, politician, and a farmer. Slide56
Slide57

Arkansaspreservation.com