National University Civil Engineering Department Rammed Earth Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of BSc in Civil Engineering Prepared By Mohammad ID: 379428
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An-Najah National UniversityCivil Engineering Department.Rammed EarthSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of B.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Prepared By:Mohammad Aref As-SufiEzzudeen MaraieAhmad Ziyadah.
Supervisors :Dr. Mohammad Gazal & Dr.Isam JardanehSlide2Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6
What is rammed earth Rammed Earth Is a technique for building walls using raw materials of earth and other martials such like clay . It is an ancient building method that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek more sustainable building materials and natural building methods. Slide7
Aim of the ProjectThe main goal of this project is to check whether the soil available in this country can be used in rammed earth technique or not. In addition to that the project found out the optimum percentages of clay cement mixture that will give the most appropriate properties of soil to be used as rammed earthSlide8
Rammed Earth HistoryRammed earth technology has been around for thousands of years, Real life examples are shown in the following Figures.Slide9
Church of the Holy Cross (Episcopal) Stateburg (or Holy Cross Episcopal Church), built of rammed earth in 1850–1852.Slide10
Borough House Plantation (Stateburg, South Carolina).Slide11
Indication Today more than 30 percent of the world's population uses earth as a building material, Rammed earth has been used around the world in a wide range of climatic conditions, from wet Northern Europe to dry regions in Africa. The images below show some modern buildings using rammed earth technique.Slide12
Rammed Earth PrinciplesRammed earth is a simple construction technique.cement has been the stabilizer of choice for modern times to be nixed with earth.After compressing the earth the wall frames can be immediately removed and require an extent of warm dry days after construction to dry and harden.The structure can take up to two years to completely cure.Slide13
Rammed earth advantagesIt is widely available.It has a low cost.It is sustainable resource.The construction using earth has a minimal environmental impact.Slide14
Rammed earth advantagesIt viable and suitable for low income builders .Unskilled labor can do most of the necessary work in construction.Rammed earth has a high thermal mass; it can absorb heat during the day and release it at night. This moderates daily temperature variations and reduces the need for air conditioning and heating.Slide15
Benefits of Building Using Rammed EarthThermal massNoise reductionLow MaintenanceFire ProofRapid ConstructionHealthy and Environmentally Friendly Cost EffectiveSlide16
Laboratory Tests on SoilThe tests conducted in the lab were Atterbeg’s limits, which are liquid limit and plastic limit;. unconfined compression test was another important test conducted. Slide17
MethodologyThree sites were suggested to collect clay soil that will be checked it is suitability to be used as rammed earth. Clay soil was mixed with percentages of water and cement, to reach the proper mix that ensures the suitable properties.Slide18
MethodologyThe first sample was taken from Qarwa Bani Hassan town- Salfeet area from a place there called " Jabal Alimrd", Picture below shows "Jabal Alimard" and the sampling process.Slide19Slide20
MethodologyThe second sample was taken from Beit Wazan town – Nablus area, the soil was found not suitable. The third sample was taken from down town of Nablus city, from an area called "Albasateen" the soil was found to be “clayey with boulders". Picture below shows the place where the third sample was taken from.Slide21Slide22
Atterberg’s LimitsThe Atterberg’s limits are a basic measure of the nature of a fine-grained soil. Depending on the water content of the soil, it may appear in four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In each state the consistency and behavior of a soil is different and thus so are its engineering propertiesSlide23
What is liquid limit?The liquid limit (LL) is the water content at which a soil changes from plastic to liquid behaviorSlide24Slide25
Importance of Liquid Limit testThe importance of the liquid limit test is to classify soils. Different soils have varying liquid limits. Also to find the plasticity index of a soil you need to know the liquid limit and the plastic limit.Slide26
Plastic LimitThe plastic limit is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine portion of a soil on a flat, non-porous surface. Slide27
Results of Atterberg limits test For 0 % cement .LL =44.6PL =28.6PI = LL - PL =16.1Slide28
Results of Atterberg limits test For 2 % cement .LL =44.6PL =35.9PI = LL - PL =8.7Slide29
Results of Atterberg limits test For 6 % cement .LL =44.6PL =36.1PI = LL - PL =8.5Slide30
Results of Atterberg limits test For 12 % cement .LL =44.6PL =34.4PI = LL - PL =10.2Slide31
Summary for the Results of Atterberg limits test Percent of cement to the total Wight12 %cement6%cement2%cement0%cement 44.644.644.644.6Liquid Limit34.4
36.135.928.6Plastic Limit10.28.58.716.1Plasticity IndexSlide32
Results of Unconfined Compression Strength TestPercent of cement to the total Wight12 %cement6%cement2%cement0% cement 2week strength (kN/m2)1week strength (kN/m2)2weekstrength (kN/m2)1weekstrength (kN/m2)2weekstrength (kN/m2)
1weekstrength (kN/m2) strength(kN/m2)Cube Number40302900310025503420245011801
37502700355026003260235012302389028003325257533402400
1205
AverageSlide33
Results of Unconfined Compression Strength TestSlide34
ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the site Jabal Al-Imrad, presented at good source of clay soil to be used as Rammed Earth. (Tests) was carried out to figure the most suitable % of cement to be added to the silty clay to produce good rammed earth. It was found that the most appropriate % of cement is in range of 2% .Summary of laboratory tests are as follows: Slide35
ConclusionsPlasticity index decreases with cement added to the clay soil. However, 2% of cement is enough for reducing plasticity index. Plastic limit increases as cement is added to the clay, but the value does not change with changing % of cement.Liquid was found to be unaffected with quantity of cement.Regarding compressive strength it is noted that as the amount of cement increase the strength does not increase predominantly. It seems that 2% of cement by weight would produce good strength rammed earth.In addition to that as time increases rammed earth gain more strength. Slide36
RecommendationsConstruction of sample elements form rammed earth such as blocks or walls.Testing their strength as whole unit, such as wall, columns or beamsInspect their insulation to temperature and acoustics.More places must be checked out locally to make sure that rammed earth is feasible at our country. That is to determine the quantity of clay available.Slide37
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