are the smallest components of nature with the properties of a given substance Electrons negative charge Protons positive charge Neutrons no charge For any given element Atomic Number ID: 542154
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Slide1
Atoms
are the smallest components of naturewith the properties of a given substance.
Electrons
(negative charge)
Protons
(positive charge)
Neutrons
(no charge)Slide2
For any given element:
Atomic Number
is the number of protons in the nucleus.
Mass Number
is the number of neutrons and protons in nucleus.Slide3
Variations in mass number create
Isotopes Slide4
Atoms bond
to achieve a stable electron configuration. Most atoms bond to achieve 8 electrons in the outer shell - the so-called
“Octet Rule”Slide5
Variations in electrical charge form
Ions negative charge = Anion positive charge = CationSlide6
Minerals are
compounds of atoms bonded together…
“to achieve a stable electron configuration” …
IONIC BONDINGSlide7
COVALENT BONDING
METALLIC BONDING
Bonding between atoms within metals. All “free” electrons shared in an “electron sea”.
…
“to achieve a stable electron configuration” …Slide8
Metamorphic Minerals
recrystallize from existing minerals where conditions in the crust cause high heat and pressure.Sedimentary Minerals
crystallize from dissolved elements in water, or as a product of biological metabolism.
Igneous Minerals
crystallize from cooling magma.Slide9
Magma from three major tectonic settingsSlide10
Oxygen
and
Silicon
are the two most abundant elements in the crust.Slide11
Silica
- 4 oxygen atoms surround a single silicon atom, forming (SiO4)4- Each oxygen atom covalently shares 1 electron with the silicon atom, jointly filling its outermost shell.
2e
6e
8P
O
2-
14P
2e
8e
4e
Si
4+Slide12Slide13
Types of
Silicate Structures
Si
2-
O
4+
Na
+
Ca
2+
Al
3+
Fe
2+ (3+)
Mg
2+
K
+
Metallic CationsSlide14
Metallic Cations
Join Silicate Structures to Form Neutral Compounds.
Cations of like size and charge
substitute
within silicate structures.
This forms a wide variety of minerals.
Most substituted Cation pairs are
Na
+
/Ca
2+
,
Al
3+
/Si
4+
, and
Fe
2+
/Mg
2+
.
Olivine forms by
Single Cation Substitution
.
Plagioclase Feldspar forms by
Double Cation Substitution
.
(Mg
2+
, Fe
2+
)
2
Si
4+
O
2-
4Slide15
Mg
2+
Fe
2+
Single
Substitution
Na
+
Si
4+
Double
Substitution
Ca
2+
Al
3+
Slide16
Olivine: single tetrahedron (SiO
4)4- [Fe2
2+
(
Si
4+
O
4
2-
)
4-
] or [Mg
2
2+
(
Si
4+
O
4
2-
)
4-
]
+4 +4 –
8 = 0 or
+4 +4 –8=0
Feldspar: 3-D framework (Si
3
O
8
)
4-
[Na
1+
Al
3+
Si
3
4+
O
8
2-
]or [Ca
2+
Al
2
3+Si24+
O82-]
+1 +3 +12 –16=0 or +2 +6 +8 –16=0
Fayalite
(Fe
2SiO4
)Forsterite (Mg
2SiO4)
Albite NaAlSi3O8
Anorthite CaAl2Si
2O8Slide17
There are seven common rock-forming minerals.
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite
The Feldspar Group
Quartz
Calcite
Orthoclase and PlagioclaseSlide18
As the Si and O build crystalline structures and the metallic cations play single and double substitution, the entire magma chamber grows into a solid mass of minerals….