IB Grade 12 optional theme Main casestudies Shanghai London Dhaka Define Urbanisation Urbanisation or urbanization is the growth of urban areas population as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities particularly the very largest ones ID: 405036
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Slide1
Urban Environments
IB Grade 12 optional themeSlide2Slide3
Main case-studies
ShanghaiLondonDhakaSlide4Slide5
Define Urbanisation
Urbanisation or urbanization is the growth of urban areas population as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very largest ones.HOW DOES THIS DIFFER FROM URBAN GROWTH?
WHY DOES IT TAKE PLACE?Slide6
Urbanisation
Growth in the percentage of the population living in urban areas
Urban Growth
Growth in the size of citiesSlide7
7 billion people in the world
How many people live in cities?Only 28.8% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1950. Today, just over 50% do, and the United Nations projects that almost 69% will by 2050, when the population is expected to reach 9.3 billion. The number of people who live in cities by then will almost equal today's world population.Slide8
Cities became
centres of
production,
as manufacturing increased rapidly and employment in agriculture decreased.
Manchester “
Cottonopolis
” – The first industrial citySlide9
Urbanisation
and the Population Explosion
Now we can see global levels of
urbanisation
. NICs and LEDCs are
urbanising
at a very fast rate.
Combination of Natural increase and Rural to Urban migration.
Dhaka Bangladesh 1950 – 417,000
1975 – 2.1 million
2000 – 12.5 million
2015 - 22.7 millionSlide10Slide11
Other key terms
Counter-urbanisationRe-urbanisationSuburbSuburbanisationUrban SprawlMegacity
500Slide12
Different forces
Urbanisation rates are therefore much higher in LEDCs (and NICs) than MEDCs, for many reasonsMEDCs main urbanisation was during the period of the industrial revolutionThere are different forces – centripetal and centrifugalSlide13Slide14Slide15Slide16Slide17Slide18
Mumbai - IndiaSlide19Slide20
TASK
Discuss – in what ways may urbanisation differ in ELDCs and EMDCs?Questions page 502Slide21Slide22
Rural to urban migrationSlide23
Inward Movement (Centripetal)
Rural to urban migration, gentrification, re-
urbanisation
, urban renewal
Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward movements
Outward Movement (Centrifugal)
Suburbanisation
, urban sprawl, counter-
urbanisation
Pages 508-Slide24
Consequences
There are differing growth rates in LEDCs and MEDCsBoth suffer from different problems because of thisDiscuss what they may beSlide25
LEDCs – Centripetal movements
Huge growthShanty townsPopulation structuresEmployment‘Primate cities’
‘Megacities’ – intro
http://
www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/28/china-pearl-river-delta-overtake-tokyo-world-largest-megacity-urban-area
Read
pages 507-508; q’s page 508
‘Slumming It’Slide26
Implications of urbanisation in LEDC’s and NICs
Urbanisation
is most rapid in LEDC’s and NIC’s because of high
natural increase
and
rural to urban migration
.
Don’t forget there are many large cities in the world of over 2 or 3 million inhabitants.
These cities face the same problems that cities in
MEDCs faced
in the nineteenth century. BUT they are not in the same position that the UK was to face the challenge.Slide27
Describe one of these houses. Include what it is made from and what it is like inside.
What is it like in the squatter settlements?Slide28
Display the information
as
a star
diagram – use pages 509-511 to helpSlide29
They often grow very quickly because of the demand for cheap housing
The develop on unoccupied land - the residents become squatters
They are found on the edges of cities in LEDC’s
Housing is made from ANY available cheap materials (eg packing cases, cardboard, corrugated iron, wood, plastic sheeting etc)
Sanitation and supplies of gas, electricity and running water often do not exist.
Diseases spread easily
Overcrowding is common
Roads are generally unmade
Sometimes the authorities move in and attempt to bulldoze them without warning
Characteristics of Shanty TownsSlide30
Although shanty towns are illegal the government struggle to deal with them as there are so many. One solution is to get the inhabitants to build new houses themselves. The government supply all the materials and put in basic services.
Self Help SchemeSlide31
Squatter Settlements
Residential areas which have developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build; as a result of their illegal or semi-legal status, infrastructure and services are usually inadequate.
30% of the urban population of the world live in squatter settlements. 1 billion people
!
http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities.html
This animation shows how squatter settlements are
upgraded over time.
http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/geoweb/blowmedown/shanty05.swfSlide32
Is it possible that squatter settlements, shanty towns,
bustees
,
favelas
, slums are part of the solution?
Or perhaps is it true that they are a potent symbol of the failure of society to address the basic needs of the majority and it must be the responsibility of the public sector to provide housing for its citizens?
Slums of hope or slums of despair
?
Slum Cities
–
Dharavi in IndiaSlide33
Problems of the informal economy
Low profit
No money
No investment
Low outputSlide34
Case- Study - Shanghai
http://shanghai17.jimdo.com/slums/http://streetsofshanghai.pbworks.com/w/page/18638706/The%20Chinese
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy_M70KJwV0Slide35
Case study – ShanghaiSlide36
MEDCs
Main terms:Urban DecayUrban renewalGentrification
Counter urbanisation
Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, re-urbanisation
Decentralisation
Exurbanisation
Urban blight
Conurbation
Urban village
511-521Slide37
MEDCs – Centifugal Movements
Slower growth ratesUrban decayInward (centripetal) movementUrban renewal/ gentrification
Outward (centrifugal) movement
Suburb/
counterurbanisation
Urban SprawlSlide38
Reasons for counter-urbanisation
Increased car ownership
Increased wealth
De-
industrialisation
Relocation of industry/employment to rural urban fringe
Desire for safe, pleasant environment, the rural ideal/utopia
Perception of urban areas as dangerous, high levels of crime, racial/ethnic problems
Change in tenure from public/renting to private ownership. Sell property and move out.Slide39
Counter-
urbanisation
People move to satellite settlements within the city’s sphere of influence
Increased numbers of people commuting to work in the city
Increased car use
Transport triangle becomes bigger
Rural areas become
suburbanised
Rural areas can become commuter /dormitory settlements
Rural areas within a city’s sphere of influence can develop Slide40
Reason for re-
urbanisation
Parts of urban areas which have declined but still have an intrinsic value because of centrality or quality of housing stock attract people
Government sees urban decline as a problem and invests money to
regenerate
an area
Prestige project – Olympics
Tertiary sector increases, restaurants, nightclubs and retailing attracting peopleSlide41
Re-
urbanisation
Cities become “
centres
of consumption”
Gentrification – Richer people moving into poorer areas
Run-down derelict parts of cities can be redeveloped
Increased economic activity within cities
Cities reinvent themselves as exciting vibrant places to liveSlide42
Reasons for
suburbanisation
Rapid urban growth
leads to
new residential areas being built in suburbs
Social problems and overcrowding in inner city areas cause richer people to move to suburbs
Improving public transport
Linked to de-
industrialisation
such as shipbuilding, warehouses or factories closing
Definition –
Suburbanisation
is the increase in the numbers of people living in the residential areas near the edge of the city (suburbs) leading to the outward growth of urban areas.Slide43
Suburbanisation
Urban sprawl
Separate smaller settlements merge into larger multi-centric conurbations
Pressure on rural/urban fringe
Increased segregation
A vicious circle of decline in inner city areas. “Donut cities”Slide44
MEDCs
Main problems/ issues resulting from these?Questions 1,2,3,5,11,16 page 521