? Liberation or rather Liberations - PowerPoint Presentation

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?Liberation or rather Liberations Examining the concept of liberation(vimutti\vimokkha) in the early Buddhism

Aviran Ben David

Liberation as a final goal in the NikāyasRelease From Saṃsāra, Ending Rebirth:Source 1:

“When he knows and sees thus, his mind is liberated from the taint of sensual desire, from the taint of being, and from the taint of ignorance. When it is liberated there comes the knowledge: ‘It is liberated.’ He understands: ‘Birth is destroyed, the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more coming to any state of being.’

(MN 51/ MN

i

349 -

Kandaraka

sutta

).

Source 2:

"

The knowledge and vision arose in me: Unshakable is my liberation of mind,

this is my last birth

;

now there is no more renewed existence

."

(SN 14:31/ SN ii 171 -

Pubbesambodha

sutta

)

Discription of an arahant in the nikayasSource 3:

arahant, one whose taints are destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached his own goal, utterly destroyed the fetters of existence

, one completely liberated through final knowledge.“

(SN 22:110/SN iii 161- Arahanta sutta).

Noble

fruits

(

Ariyaphala

)

Fetters (

samyojana

) Rebirth/sDefilements(Kilesa/Akusala mula)Taints(Āsava)Stream-enterer(Sotāpanna)1. personality belief (Sakkāya- diṭṭhi )2. doubt (Vicikicchā)3. clinging to mere rules and ritual (Sīlabbata-parāmāsa)lowerfetterup to seven rebirths inhuman or heavenly realms  Once-returner(Sakadāgāmin )once more as a human  Non-Returner(Anāgāmin) 4. Sensual desire (Kāma-rāga)5. ill will (Vyāpāda)once more ina heavenly realm(Pure Abodes)  Arahant6. craving for fine-material existence (Rūpa-rāga)7. craving for immaterial existence (Arūpa-rāga)8. conceit (Māna)9. restlessness (Uddhacca)10. ignorance (Avijjā)higherfettersno rebirth1)greed/desire(lobha/ rāga)2) hatred (dosa)3)delusion (moha)1)Sensual lust (kāmāsava)2) lust of life (bhavāsava)3) ignorance (avijjāsava)*speculative view (diṭṭhāsava)

THE DIFFERENT CASES OF LIBERATION(vimutti(Liberation as NibbānaSourc

4

“What is the counterpart of

Liberation

? “

Nibbana

,

friend, is the counterpart of Liberation.” (MN 44 / MN i 304 - Cūḷavedalla sutta).

Three kinds of liberation/ Deliverance(Vimokkha)Source 5"And what, bhikkhus, is carnal deliverance? Deliverance connected with the

form sphere is carnal deliverance . "And what, bhikkhus, is

spiritual deliverance

? deliverance connected with the

formless sphere

is spiritual deliverance . "And what,

bhikkhus

, is deliverance more spiritual than the spiritual? When a bhikkhu whose taints are destroyed reviews his mind liberated from lust, liberated from hatred, liberated from delusion, there arises deliverance . This is called deliverance more spiritual than the spiritual."  (SN 36.31/ SN iv 23 - Nirāmisa sutta)

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIBERATION(vimokkha/Vimutti)Three deliverances:1)Carnal deliverance

(Sāmisa

vimokkha

) -

Jhāna

2)Spiritual deliverance (Nirāmisa vimokkha)-Arūppa Samāpatti3) Deliverance more spiritual than the spiritual (Nirāmisā nirāmisatara vimokkha)- Liberation from the taints and defilements

Source 6:(Mahāsuññata Sutta MN 122)1)Deliverance of mind that is temporary or pleasant (sāmāyikaṃ vā kantaṃ cetovimutti).- meditative attainments

2)Deliverance of mind that is perpetual or unshakeable- Nibbana/ Becoming an Arahant.(asāmāyikaṃ vā

akuppaṃ

cetovimutti

).

Source 7:

(Godhika sutta, SN 4:23/ SN I 121)Then, while the Venerable Godhika was dwelling diligent, ardent, and resolute, he reached temporary liberation of mind, but he fell away from that temporary liberation of mind. A second time, while the Venerable Godhika was dwelling diligent, ardent, and resolute, he reached temporary liberation of mind, but he fell away from that temporary liberation of mind. A third time ... A fourth time ... A fifth time ... A sixth…seventh time, while the Venerable Godhika was dwelling diligent, ardent, and resolute, he reached temporary liberation of mind. Then it occurred to the Venerable Godhika: "Six times already I have fallen away from temporary liberation of mind. Let me use the knife,“

Liberation of mind- fading away of lust (Rāga) Liberation By Wisdom-

fading away of ignorance (avijjā(

Source 8:

“

Bhikkhus

, these two things pertain to true knowledge. What two?

Serenity and insight

. When serenity is developed, what benefit does one experience? The mind is developed. When the mind is developed, what benefit does one experience? Lust is abandoned. When insight is developed, what benefit does one experience? Wisdom is developed. When wisdom is developed, what benefit does one experience? Ignorance is abandoned. “A mind defiled by lust is not liberated, and wisdom defiled by ignorance is not developed. Thus, bhikkhus, through the fading away of lust there is liberation of mind, and through the fading away of ignorance there is liberation by wisdom.( AN 2.31/ AN i 161)

The various liberations of mindMN 43/ MN i 292 (

Mahāvedalla sutta

)

1)Neither painful nor pleasant liberation of mind (

adukkhamasukhā

cetovimutti

)-The four jhānas2)Immeasurable liberation of mind (appamānā cetovimutti) -The four brahma abodes (Brahmavihāra)3( Liberation of mind through nothingness (ākiñcaññā cetovimutti)-The third immaterial attainment (ākiñcaññāyatana)4) Liberation of mind through emptiness (Suññatā  cetovimutti)-not connected to particular meditative state5) Sign-less liberation of mind (animittā cetovimutti)- equivalent to sign-less mind concentation (animitto cetosamādhi)6) Unshakable liberation of mind (Akuppā cetovimutti)- nibbāna

Source 9:(MN 43/ MN i 292, Mahāvedalla sutta)“Friend, the

immeasurable deliverance of mind, the deliverance of mind through nothingness, the deliverance of mind through

voidness

, and

the

signless

deliverance of mind

: are these states different in meaning and different in name, or are they one in meaning and different only in name?...” there is a way in which these states are different in meaning and different in name, and there is a way in which they are one in meaning and different only in name…. Lust is a maker of measurement, hate is a maker of measurement, delusion is a maker of measurement. In a bhikkhu whose taints are destroyed, these are abandoned, cut off at the root, made like a palm stump, done away with, so that they are no longer subject to future arising. Of all the kinds of immeasurable deliverance of mind, the unshakeable deliverance of mind is pronounced the best.

Liberations of mind

Two Types Of ArahantSource 10:(Kīṭāgiri

sutta) MN 70 / MN

i

477-478)

Iiberated

in both ways

(ubhatobhāgavimutta)“What kind of person is one liberated-in-both-ways? Here some person contacts with the body and abides in those liberations that are peaceful and immaterial, transcending forms, and his taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom. This kind of person is called one liberated-in-both-ways.liberated-by-wisdom(paññāvimutta) . “What kind of person is one liberated-by-wisdom? Here some person does not contact with the body and abide in those liberations that are peaceful and immaterial, transcending forms, but his taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom. This kind of person is called one liberated-by-wisdom.

four kinds of ArahantsSource 11:Pavāraṇā sutta (SN 8:7 / SN

i 191)"

of these five hundred

bhikkhus

,

Sariputta

, sixty

bhikkhus are triple-knowledge bearers, sixty bhikkhus are bearers of the six direct knowledges, sixty bhikkhus are liberated in both ways, while the rest are liberated by wisdom."

Meditative attainments

Knowledges and

Powers super

Type of Arahant

0-4

jhānas

???

- One of the mind liberations???1) Seeing the four noble truths. Knowing the eradication of the taints (āsavakkhayañāṇa) Liberated by wisdom(paññāvimutta) - 4-8 jhānas ???  2) Recollecting one's previous births. 3) knowing other people's rebirths. Possessing three knowledges (Tevijjā )- All meditative attainments end with the cessation of perception and feelings (Saññāvedayitanirodha)1-3 above ?Liberated in both ways(Ubhatobhāgavimutta) - 4-8 jhāna- The cessation of perception and feelings???4) super powers (iddhi): power to project mind made images of oneself; to become invisible; to pass through solid things, such as a wall; to penetrate solid ground as if it were water; to walk on water; to fly through the air; to touch sun and moon; to ascend into the highest heavens.5) the Heavenly Ear-clairaudience (dibbasota).6) knowledge encompassing heart or mind. Ability to read other’s mind.PossessingSix super powers(chaḷabhiññā)

Many liberations = Many ways to practice???