SEX DETERMINATION The most valuable bones in sex determination are the pelvis and the skull although the femur tibia and the humerus provide unique measurements that often assist in determining identity Once you have determined your result for each trait circle or highlight male or ID: 1044096
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1. Project 1.2.3: Student Data Sheet
2. SEX DETERMINATIONThe most valuable bones in sex determination are the pelvis and the skull, although the femur, tibia and the humerus provide unique measurements that often assist in determining identity. Once you have determined your result for each trait, circle or highlight male or female on the data sheet.
3. Pelvis (sex) TraitResultFemaleMaleSub-Pubic Angle > 90°90°
4. Pelvis (sex) TraitResultFemaleMalePubis Body Width ~ 40 mm25-30 mm
5. Pelvis (sex) TraitResultFemaleMaleGreater Sciatic Notch > 68°< 68°
6. Pelvis (sex) TraitResultFemaleMalePelvic Cavity Shape Circular and wide, showing mainly coccyxHeart-shaped, showing sacrum and coccyxMale FemaleCoccyxSacrum
7. Skull (sex) TraitResultFemaleMaleTraitResultFemaleMaleUpper Edge of Eye Orbit SharpBluntShape of Eye Orbit RoundSquareSquareRound
8. Skull (sex) TraitResultFemaleMaleZygomatic Process Not expressed beyond external auditory meatusExpressed beyond external auditory meatusExternal auditory meatus
9. Skull (sex)TraitResultFemaleMaleNuchal Crest (Occipital Bone) SmoothRough and BumpyExternal Occipital Protuberance Generally absentGenerally PresentCrestMay need to compare to other
10. Skull (sex)TraitResultFemaleMaleFrontal Bone Round, globularLow, slantingFrontal
11. Skull (sex) TraitResultFemaleMaleMandible Shape Rounded, V-shapedSquare, U-shapedRamus of Mandible SlantingStraightMandibleRamus
12. Femur (sex) (If available)TraitResultFemaleIndeterminate SexMaleVertical (maximum) Diameter of Femoral Head (mm) < 43.543.5- 44.5> 44.5Bicondylar Width (mm) <7474- 76>76Maximum Length (mm) <405405-430>430Femur HeadBicondylar
13. Tibia (sex) (If available)MeasurementResultAverage FemaleAverage MaleMaximum Epiphyseal Breadth of Proximal Tibia (mm) 70.2679.40Maximum Epiphyseal Breadth of Distal Tibia (cm) 46.3152.48ProximalDistal
14. Humerus (sex) TraitResultAverage FemaleAverage MaleTransverse Diameter of Humeral Head (mm) 37.0- 39.042.7- 44.7Vertical Diameter of Humeral Head (mm) 42.748.8Maximum Length (mm) 305.9339.0Epicondylar Width (mm) 56.863.9VerticalTransverseEpicondylar
15. FINAL SEX DETERMINATION________________________________________________
16. RACE DETERMINATIONForensic anthropologists generally use a three-race model to characterize skeletal remains: White (European), Asian and Black (African). The skull is often the most valuable bone in tracing origins, and various measurements around the face reveal information about ancestry and heritage.
17. Skull (race)Nasal width: _______ mm Nasal height: _______ mmHeightWidthUse caliper to measure
18. Skull(race) TraitResultWhiteAsianBlackNasal Index < .48.48- .53> .53Nasal Spine Prominent spineSomewhat prominent spineVery small spineNasal silling/Guttering Sharp ridge (silling)Rounded ridgeNo ridge (guttering)Nasal Index= width mm / height mmNasal spine= hold pencil at base of nose and see how smoothly you can raise it upNasal silling= Feel base on nasal cavity to see if it is sharp, rounded, or no ridge
19. Skull (race) TraitResultWhiteAsianBlackPrognathism StraightVariablePrognathicShape of the Orbital Openings Rounded, somewhat squareRounded, somewhat circularRectangularPrognathism= jaw thrust out. To test, hold pencil vertically at the nasal spine and point down to chin, does it go straight down , at a slight angle, or does it angel too far out.See previous results of orbital opening.
20. Skull (race) Use the three skull photographs found at station #5 to calculate the nasal index for each racial group. Compare these values to those listed above and if needed, describe what could account for any inconsistencies. White skull: Nasal width ______ mm ÷ Nasal height ______ mm = Nasal index _______ Asian skull: Nasal width ______ mm ÷ Nasal height ______ mm = Nasal index _______ Black skull: Nasal width ______ mm ÷ Nasal height ______ mm = Nasal index _______
21. Femur (race) White- fingers can fit under the curvature of the femur Black- fingers cannot fit under the curvature of the femurLay femur on table so that the lesser trochanter forms an arch. Now lay palm of hand flat on table and see if your finger can slide under arch.
22. FINAL RACE DETERMINATION____________________________
23. HEIGHT DETERMINATIONThe height of the individual is most often determined by examining the long bones, such as the femur, tibia, or humerus. The accuracy of these calculations is improved if two or more bones are used. Forensic anthropologists have compared bone length to height and have calculated formulas that describe this relationship (broken down by racial group and by gender). Using information you have gathered about the gender and ethnicity of the skeleton, choose the appropriate equations and calculate a possible height range. As there is no listed formula for using the maximum length of the femur to estimate height in an Asian female, use only the equation listed for the other available bone.
24. Femur (height) (If available)Maximum Length of the Femur (MLF) _______ mm = _______ cm MaleFemaleRegression FormulaHeight Range (cm)Regression Formula Height Range (cm)Caucasoid (White)2.32 (MLF) + 65.53 ± 3.94 2.47 (MLF) + 54.10 ± 3.72 Mongoloid (Asian)2.15 (MLF) + 72.57 ± 3.80 Formula not available Negroid (Black)2.10 (MLF) + 72.22 ± 3.91 2.28 (MLF) + 59.76 ± 3.41
25. Tibia (height) (If available)Maximum Length of Tibia (MLT) _______ mm = _________ cm MaleFemaleRegression FormulaHeight Range (cm)Regression Formula Height Range (cm)Caucasoid (White)2.42 (MLT) + 81.93 ± 4.00 2.90 (MLT) + 61.53 ± 3.66 Mongoloid (Asian)2.39 (MLT) + 81.45 ± 3.27 2.68 (MLT) + 67.05 ± 3.68 Negroid (Black)2.19 (MLT) + 85.36 ± 3.91 2.45 (MLT) + 72.56 ± 3.70
26. Humerus (height) Maximum Length of the Humerus (MLH) _______ mm = _______ cm MaleFemaleRegression FormulaHeight Range (cm)Regression Formula Height Range (cm)Caucasoid (White)2.89 (MLH) + 78.10 ± 4.57 3.36 (MLH) + 57.97 ± 4.45 Mongoloid (Asian)2.68 (MLH) + 83.19 ± 4.16 3.22 (MLH) + 51.32 ± 4.35 Negroid (Black)2.88 (MLH) + 75.48 ± 4.23 3.08 (MLH) + 64.67 ± 4.25
27. FINAL HEIGHT DETERMINATION To determine the probable height range of the individual, refer to the height tables you filled in above and record the minimum and maximum value of the calculated height ranges in the space below. Convert each value to feet and inches and show the final height range. Minimum value = __________ cm ÷ 2.54 = _______ inches = ____ feet _____ inchesMaximum value = __________ cm ÷ 2.54 = _______ inches = ____ feet _____ inches
28. AGE DETERMINATION Make sure to refer to the photograph of the pelvic bones while completing your analysis. Remember, you are looking for landmarks that occur as a human ages. At birth, humans have about 405 bones. These bones will eventually fuse and form the 206 bones we see in an adult skeleton
29. Pelvis (age)Developmental OccurrenceApproximate AgeThe pubis bone and the ischium are almost completely united by bone. (Figure 6)7 - 8 The illium, ishium, and pubis bones are joined together. (Figure 6) 13 -14The two lowest segments of the sacral vertebrate become joined together. (Figure 8)18The illium, ischium, and pubis bones become fully ossified with no evidence of epiphyseal unions (indicated by cartilaginous lines).20-25All segments of the sacrum are united with no evidence of epiphyseal unions.25-30
30. Femur (age) (If available)Developmental OccurrenceApproximate AgeThe greater trochanter first appears.4 The lesser trochanter first appears. 13 -14The head, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter first join the shaft.18The condyles first join the shaft.20
31. Tibia (age) (If available)Developmental OccurrenceApproximate AgeThe lower epiphysis joins the shaft18 The upper epiphysis joins the shaft 20
32. Humerus (age) Developmental OccurrenceApproximate AgeThe head and the tuberosities join to become a single large epiphysis.6 The radial head, trochlea, and external condyle blend and unite with the shaft.16-17The internal condyle unites with the shaft.18The upper epiphysis unites with the shaft.20
33. Final Ending=Find your missing personFINAL MINIMUM AGE DETERMINATION (range) ______________ years