Chapter 9-- Joints 9- 1 Famous Quotes - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 9-- Joints

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Famous Quotes

I figured my body always would be able to repair itself. I think all of us believe that – until you begin to age and get hit with deteriorating

joints

. Lee MajorsIt had not occurred to me that marriage requires the same effort as a career. And unlike a career, marriage requires a joint effort. Jessica Savitch (1947-1983)

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Ch. 9 (Joints) Study Guide

Critically read Chapter 9 pp.

278-297 before 9.3 (Anatomy of selected diarthroses).

Study all figures in the PowerPoint slides as well

.

Comprehend Terminology (those in bold in the textbook) within the reading scope above

Study

-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions (within the reading scope above)Do end-of-chapter questions—Testing Your Recall— 1-4, 6-7, 9, 11-16, 18True or False– 2, 4, 5, 9, 10Review/study review sheet document (4 pages) posted on Blackboard

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I. Overview of the joints

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Figure 9.1– a gymnast and joint flexibility

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§

Why Knuckles Crack and Joints Creak

Some peoples' bodies play a percussive symphony of cracking and creaking, thanks to the large orchestra of noise-making human joints.

What's behind it all?

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§ Joints and their names

What are joints?

Arthro

logy = study of the joints

Kine

siology = study of musculoskeletal movement (motion of human body)How joints are named?From the names of the bones involvedEx. The atlantoccipital joint Ex. The humeroscapular joint

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II.

Functional

classification of joints

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Are all joints able to move?

Immovable joints– where? Why?

Less movable– ex. vertebral column; why?

Moveable—shoulder, elbow, knee

Functional classification (freedom of movement)

synarthrosis (little/no movement) (“Syn”--together)amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)diarthrosis (freely movable) (‘Dia”– through)

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III.

Structural

classification of joints

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§ Structural classification

How adjacent bones are joined?

Bony joints

(

syn

ostosis; synarthrosis)– two bones fusedFibrous joints (synarthrosis)—held together by collagen fibers; lack a synovial cavity Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)– held together by cartilage; lack a synovial cavity

Synovial joints

(

diarthrosis

)– having synovial (joint/articular) cavity (Fig. 9.5 next slide)

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Fig. 9.5 Synovial Joint

Joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a

synovial (joint) cavity

Most are freely movable

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§ 1. Bony Joints (Syn

osto

sis)

Gap between “

two bones

ossify”– become a single boneTWO frontal/mandibular bones in infantsCan occur in either fibrous joints or cartilaginous as well; Examples:Aging: cranial sutures (fibrous joints) destroyed (ex. Parietal bones fuse) in elderlyAging: attachment of first rib to the sternum (cartilaginous joint) becomes a synostosis with age

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§ 2. Fibrous Joints (

Synarthrosis-Amphiarthrosis

)

Collagen fibers

span the space between bones

Three kinds of fibrous jointsA. Sutures— the fibers are short and allow for little movement B. Gomphoses— the fibers are also _____ and allow for little movement; between teeth and the jaw C. Syndesmoses—longer fibers and more movableFigure 9.2

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Fig. 9.2

Suture

Gomphosis

Syndesmosis

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Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

B

R. Tibia

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Immovable fibrous joints

Bind bones together;

only in skull

3 types— (Fig. 9.3 next slide)

Serrate sutures

- interlocking linescoronal, sagittal and lambdoid suturesLap sutures - overlapping beveled edgesBetween temporal and parietal bones; Name the suture? Plane sutures - straight, nonoverlapping edgespalatine processes of the maxillae

Fibrous Joint – A. Sutures

Suture

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Serrate suture

Lap suture

Plane suture

Dovetail joint

Miter joint

Butt joint

Bone

Wood

Three types of suture--

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Fibrous Joint – B. Gomphoses

Attachment of a tooth to its socket

Held in place by

fibrous

periodontal ligament

Consisting of collagen fibers attach teeth to jawbones (which bones?)Little movement (Synarthrosis) while chewing

Gomphoses

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Two bones bound by broad fibrous sheet called

Inter

osse

ous membrane

More/less

movable than that of sutures/gomphosesExamples: radius to ulna (a more movable one, Amphiarthrosis) allow supination and pronation (next slide); tibia to fibula (less movable one)Fibrous Joint – C. Syndesmosis

Tibia & fibula

Syndesmosis

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Supination and Pronation

For example: In the forearm

Supination

rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward

Pronation

rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear

A

B

Supine

means

up

. In order to carry a bowl of

soup

, your hand must be in the supine position

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Check point question #1--

Functionally, why are sutures classified as

synarthroses

, and syndesmoses as amphiarthroses?

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§ 3. Cartilaginous Joints (

amphiarthrosis

)

Two bones are linked by cartilage

Two types–

A. synchondroses and B. symphyses

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Cartilaginous Joint – A. Synchondrosis

Bones are joined by

hyaline cartilage

Examples:

First rib attachment to sternum (A on the right)

Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis in growing bones: called Epiphyseal ?__________

A

B,

next

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Cartilaginous Joint – B. Symphyses

2 bones joined by

fibrocartilage

Examples:

See figure at right

Only slight amount of movement is possibleExamples– 1 & 2 on the right

1

2

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Check point question #2--

What is the structural difference in histology between a

synchondrosis

and a symphysis?

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IV. Focusing on

synovial

joints

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§ 4. Synovial Joint

Most are freely movable; two bones in fact

Do / Do not

touch each other

Two bones are separated by a space called

A. _________ cavity (with fluid in it) and a soft tissue called B._____________

B. Articular cartilage --

hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces

Synovial fluid

—a lubricant; feeds cartilages

A

B

Next slide

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§ Synovial joints

Joint (Articular) capsule

encloses joint cavity

(Outer)

Fibrous capsule

: continuous with periosteum(Inner) synovial membrane; secretes ____________Articular discs or menisci: cartilage grows inward and forms pads (Fig. 9.29 c-d; 8.39)jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee jointsabsorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forcesTendon: attaches muscle to boneLigament: attaches bone to bone

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Knee Joint

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Right Knee Joint – Superior View

Medial meniscus

&

lateral meniscus absorb shock and shape joint

Lateral condyle of tibia

Medial condyle of tibia

?

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PCL

ACL

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Anterior view

Posterior view

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§ Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

Bursa

= a sac filled with synovial fluid

Tendon sheaths

=

elongated bursae lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon

Ulnar bursa

Tendon sheaths

Tendons (flexor digitorum)

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Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

Bursa

=

a sac filled with synovial fluid (Locations) between muscles or between a tendon & a bone etc.; Good examples– Shoulder joint etc. Fig. 9.24Tendon sheaths = elongated bursae (Locations) where there is considerable friction

; such as the hand, wrist, fingers, the ankle, foot, toes etc.

Functions of bursa and tendon sheaths:Reduce friction in joints (such as the shoulder), Cushion the movement of one body part over another

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Fig. 9.24 Humeroscapular joint

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Check point question #3--

A) What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

B) Why is a meniscus in an

interphalangeal joint unnecessary?

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V.

Types of synovial joints

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§ 6

Types of Synovial Joints—in descending order of

mobility

1.

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1. Ball-and-Socket Joints

Features:

Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression

Examples:

(shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula

(hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip boneType: only multiaxial joints in the bodyDemonstration: (next slide)

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Planes of movement

(A-C) & axes of rotation

Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial joint;

Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial

Axis of rotation

– Def.--perpendicular to the plane of movement; examples— A, B, C

The arm rises in the frontal plane

The arm moves through the

sagittal

plane

The arm rotates in the

transverse

plane

A

B

C

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Planes of movement & axes of rotation

A

—

Abduct

ion

(away from midline) vs. adductionB—Flexion (decreases a joint angle) vs. extension

C—Medial (internal) rotation vs. lateral rotation

The arm rises in the frontal plane

It moves through the _________ plane

The arm rotates in the ______ plane

A

B

C

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2.

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2. Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints

Features

:

Oval convex surface

on one bone fits into a

similarly shaped depression on the next Examples:radiocarpal joint of the wrist metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingersType: Biaxial joints– why?Demonstration: index finger (or 2nd - 5

th

digits) and Fig. 9.21

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When someone is

abduct

ed, they are taken away, just as

abduct

ion takes the limb away from the body.

During adduction, the limb is added to the body.

Metacarpo

phalangeal joints









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3.

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



Condyloid joint

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3. Saddle Joints

Features

:

Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle,

concave

in one direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider)Examples: trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumbType: Biaxial joint (see demo below)Demonstration: A) frontal plane (

palmar abduction

)

B) sagittal plane (

opposition

)

primates’ anatomical hallmark

: __________

Fig. 1.5 & 9.21 c-d

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The thumbs became

opposable

; they made the hands prehensile

Monkey

Human

Primate adaptations:

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Figure 9.21d

ID this movement of thumb

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

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Figure 9.21e

ID this movement of thumb

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

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4.

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4. Gliding (plane) Joints

Features:

Flat articular surfaces

in which bones slide over each other

Examples: Fig. Z tarsal bonesbetween the carpal bones of the wrist, the tarsal bones of the ankle, articular processes of the vertebraeType: Biaxial jointsDemonstration: head is tilted side-to-side and back-and-forth, the vertebrae slide accordingly

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Gliding

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T

alus

C

alcaneus

Cuboid

(

I

ntermediate)

(

L

ateral)

Medial cuneiform

C

an

T

alented Naval Medics Interest Lazy Cubs?

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5.

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Anterior view

Capitulum

Funny bone

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5. Hinge Joints

Features:

One bone with

convex

surface that fits into a

concave depression on other boneExamples:ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits into the trochlear notch of the ulna)femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral)finger and toe joints (interphalangeal)Type: Monaxial (uniaxial) jointsFig. 9.25b

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A hinge joint --the elbow

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(Trochlear notch)

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6.

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6. Pivot Joints

Features:

One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other

Examples:

proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation and supination

atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas); Fig. 8.24 (rotation of the atlas)Type: Monaxial jointsDemonstration: see next 3 slides

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Supination and Pronation

For example: In the forearm

Supination

rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward

Pronation

rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear

A

B





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of the atlas (the next slide)

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(C1)

(C2)

?

Anterior arch

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Check point question #4--

Which of the 6 type of synovial joints are biaxial?

Give one specific example for each biaxial synovial joint.

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Questions (muddiest points)?

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