The process of learning to participate in a group Begins at birth and continues throughout life Very important to the development of an individual EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION Harry Harlow monkey experiments ID: 1046948
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1. SOCIALIZATION
2. DEFINITIONThe process of learning to participate in a groupBegins at birth and continues throughout lifeVery important to the development of an individual
3. EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATIONHarry Harlow monkey experimentsInfants raised in isolation become withdrawn, hostile adultsCloseness and comfort seem to be more important than foodPhysical contact teaches how to form emotional ties
4. CASE STUDIES ON ISOLATED CHILDREN
5. ANNAFound in 19386 years oldKept in isolation and lacked ability to moveLacked care and comfort and mental abilities suffered
6. ISABELLESimilar to AnnaMother stayed with her, howeverQuickly learned socialization skillsTheory: she had contact with the mother and was more prepared than Anna
7. GENIEKept in isolation from age 2 until 14Behavior was subhuman when discoveredAbnormal brain waves and inability to speakGenie’s case led to theory that if language is not learned by adolescence, it might not be attainable
8. SOCIALIZATION AND THE SELF
9. FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVEFocuses on how socialization maintains social institutionsStresses the way groups work together to create a stable society
10. CONFLICT THEORY PERSPECTIVEFocuses on how socialization plays a role in social controlSocialization is a way to keep the status quoTeach social status before you have enough self-awareness to realize what’s happeningThis maintains advantages of higher classes
11. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND SOCIALIZATION
12. SELF-CONCEPTDef: an image of yourself as having an identity separate from other peopleWe learn to judge ourselves in terms of how we imagine others will react to us
13. LOOKING-GLASS SELFLOOKING-GLASS SELF: a self-concept based on our idea of others’ judgments of us3 stage process:1) our perception of how others see us2) we imagine the reactions of others to our appearance3) we evaluate ourselves according to how we have imagined others have judged us
14. SIGNIFICANT OTHERSDef: those people whose reactions are most important to your self-conceptTeens place heavy reliance on their peers
15. ROLE TAKINGDef: assuming the viewpoint of another person and using the viewpoint to shape their self-conceptHelps us anticipate what others will do and say
16. ROLE TAKING CONTINUED3 stages:1) Imitation stage: children imitate behaviors w/o understanding why2) Play stage: children take on roles of others one at a time3) Game stage: children anticipate the actions of others based on social rules
17. Generalized otherDef: integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one’s community or societyThis takes place during the game stageWe depend less on individuals and more on general concepts
18. THE “ME” AND THE “I”ME: the part of the self formed through socializationI: part of the self that accounts for unlearned, spontaneous acts
19. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
20. THE FAMILYPrimary agent of childhood socializationYou learn to think and speak from themTo internalize beliefs, norms, and valuesThey form your basic attitudesThey develop your capacity for intimate and personal relationshipsYou acquire a good portion of your self-image through them
21. FAMILY and gender rolesFamily teaches society’s appropriate gender rolesParents aren’t aware they areThe toys they buy, the actions they performPlay patterns they encourage
22. FAMILY AND SOCIAL CLASSWorking-class are more likely to use physical punishment than middle-classMiddle-class tend to worry more about fostering curiosity, self-control, and self-expressionNot all conform to thisWhy do you think that is?
23. RELIGIONReligious values play a role even if you don’t go to church (invisible religion)Teaches aspects of group lifeInfluences views on sexuality, “proper” gender roles, work, and child-rearing
24. SCHOOLSTeaches to be less dependent on parentsCreates feelings of loyalty and allegiance to something beyond the familyHIDDEN CURRICULUM: informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in schoolDiscipline, order, cooperation, and conformity
25. PEER GROUP SOCIALIZATIONPEER GROUP: ppl roughly the same age and with same interestsGive-and-take relationshipsConflict, competition, and cooperationPromote independenceCreate close ties outside the family
26. MASS MEDIADef: means of communication designed to reach the general populationTV, radio, Internet, movies, books, etc…Display role modelsOffer values of society (good or bad)PropagandaEffects are subtle
27. SOCIALIZATION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE
28. CHILDHOODIndustrialization changed the view of childhoodToday we view children as dependent and in need of guidance, protection, and schooling
29. ADOLESCENCEDef: the stage of development between childhood and adulthoodUniversal education system, exclusion of young ppl from work force, emergence of juvenile justice system, competition to get a college degree have prolonged adolescence
30. ADOLESCENCE AND THE SELF-CONCEPTSeveral psychological challenges:Undefined statusIncreased decision-making (supposed to be more responsible)Increased feelings of pressureQuest for identity (not totally dependent but not totally independent)
31. OTHER CHALLENGES TO ADOLESCENCEDatingSexualityDrug useEating disordersMust develop skills that analyze cause and effect as well as evaluate risk
32. TRANSITIONAL ADULTHOODDef: after high school; still have not assumed responsibilities associated with adulthood (age 18-29)Not financially independentRITES OF PASSAGE: rituals marking the passage from one status to anotherChallenge: entering into loving, committed relationships with others in order to partially replace parental bonds (intimacy vs. isolation---Erik Erikson)
33. MIDDLE YEARSAge 30-49Family and employment are the hallmarksLater middle years (50-64), a reorientation occursFocus shifts to how much time you have left
34. OLD AGEAge 65-75Called the transitional older yearsBody and mind don’t function as sharply as they once didRetirement can lead to feelings of isolationIntegrity vs. despair (Erik Erikson)
35. DEATH AND DYINGElisabeth-Kübler Ross gave us the 5 stages of grieving:1)Denial2)Anger3)Bargaining4)Depression5)AcceptanceDon’t have to follow in orderHospice care now more common
36. PROCESSES OF SOCIALIZATION
37. DESOCIALIZATIONDef: process of giving up old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviorsTakes place in TOTAL INSTITUTIONS: places in which ppl are separated from the rest of society and controlled by officials in charge (military boot camps, etc…)
38. RESOCIALIZATIONDef: process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviorsCreating a new identityRewards for taking on new identity, punishment for not
39. Anticipatory socializationDef: voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviorsUsually occurs as you transition from one stage to anotherBegins in preadolescence as you adopt a new REFERENCE GROUP: group with whom you identify