Patrick C M Wong The Chinese University of Hong Kong Northwestern University pwongcuhkeduhk braincuhkeduhk The Auditory System 2 Research Goal To understand the basic ID: 1042462
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1. Central Auditory Processing: From Molecule to BehaviorPatrick C. M. WongThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Northwestern University p.wong@cuhk.edu.hkbrain.cuhk.edu.hk
2. “The Auditory System”2
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5. Research GoalTo understand the basic mechanisms of central auditory processing from molecule to behavior, in order to:Have a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology of disordersEnhance treatmentsOptimize learning for everyone
6. Three Strategies#1. Examine stages of neural processing along the auditory pathway to delineate domain-general and –specific properties of the CNS#2. Capitalize on our knowledge of the cellular and molecular characteristics of the brain, to develop and test hypotheses about the genetic basis of complex auditory functions (spoken language)#3. Through looking at the CNS as a network, we hope to gain a fuller understanding of spoken language processing problems and treatments.
7. #1. Stages of Neural Processing
8. 8IBEsIBE ComboSuga et al.
9. Mandarin SubjectsEnglish Subjectsz = 4z = 24.01.96zMandarin Tone – Mandarin PassiveRWong et al. (2004). J Neuroscience
10. 10Successful vs. Less Successful (Post-Training)R= Successful > Less Successful Learners= Less Successful > Successful Learners Wong et al. (2007). Human Brain Mapping
11. 11IBEsIBE ComboSuga et al.
12. BRAINWAVESOUNDWAVEdaBRAINWAVELow pitchHigh pitchSoundwave to BrainwaveSOUNDWAVE
13. 13Wong et al. (2007). Nature Neuroscience
14. FFR from Infants
15. #2. Genetic Basis of Complex Auditory Behavior
16. Brodmann (1909) Superior Temporal Region
17. (a) Cyto- vs. (b) Receptor-Morosan et al. 2005
18. “Auditory” Network Kaas & Hackett (2000), PNASSub-cortical(Auditory)Temporal Cortex(Auditory)Non-Auditory
19. Genes -> Neurons (e.g., receptors) -> Systems -> Behaviors (e.g., language)
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21. Grammar Learning Grammar learning Procedural memory Fronto-striatal System Dopaminergic System DA Receptor Genes
22. DRD2 PolymorphismA1A1, A1A2, or A2A2Presence of A1 allele is associated with reduced D2 receptor binding in basal ganglia (Thompson et al. , 1997)BUT might be consequential to ANKK1 signaling and indicative of more general neural function
23. DRD2 Taq1A
24. Morpho-Phonology LearningLearning Opaque phonological rules involving combining morphemes and performing phonological transformationsGeneralization to Untrained StimuliSimple phonology ConditionComplex phonology ConditionLearners & Non-Learners (all adults)24Ettlinger, Bradlow, & Wong (2014). Appl Psych
25. Transparent (simple) & Opaque (complex) Grammar25 Singular Plural Dim Dim. Pl ‘dog’ vib vib-il ki-vib ki-vib-il ‘cat’ pesh pesh-el ki-pish ki-pish-el Transparent and opaque items are mixed during training
26. Individual Differences
27. Memory & Language LearningSignificant positive correlation between sound learning & procedural memory
28. Frontostriatal Pathway & SuccessEttlinger, Novis, Wang, & Wong (submitted)
29. Network Differences
30. Network Differences
31. Neuroanatomyr = .58, p = .002r = .47, p = .02
32. DRD2 and PhenotypeProcedural MemoryGrammar LearningWong, Ettlinger, & Zheng (2013). PLoS One
33. DRD2 and Brain
34. DRD2Striatal activityProcedural memoryLanguage LearningModel Goodness-of-Fit Statistics Grammar Learning: χ2 = 0.11, DF=2, p=0.95 (good fit)
35. #3. Auditory System as a Network
36. “Auditory” Network Kaas & Hackett (2000), PNASSub-cortical(Auditory)Temporal Cortex(Auditory)Non-Auditory
37. Short- and long-distance neural connections reflect complex auditory functionsFrontotemporal anatomical connectivity reflects cognitive-auditory functional connectionTreatments of complex auditory behaviors cannot rely on amplification alone
38. Speech Perception in Noise in Older AdultsInternal unpublished data
39. Speech Perception in Noise in Older AdultsInternal unpublished data
40. Decline in hearing (presbycusis)
41. Do neurocognitive factors explain differences in speech perception in noise in younger and older adults?
42. fMRI Experiment42
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44. Functional fMRIYoung > Old: Auditory Cortex (STR)Old > Young: Cognitive Regions (Prefrontal/PFC & Posterior Parietal/PP)
45. Cognitive “Compensation”Older Adults – Speech in noise correlated with PFC activation (not true in younger adults)
46. NeuroanatomyOlder adults show atrophy across brain regionsAre neuroanatomical differences associated with speech perception in noise?
47. Wong et al. (2010). Ear Hearing
48. OlderYounger
49. TreatmentCognitive trainingIf neurocognitive factors are associated with speech perception in noise, improving cognitive functions might be effective.What aspects of cognition to train?Do different aspects of cognition interact?Dosage?
50. Working Memory TrainingTen-session trainingSubjects hear a series of digits (e.g., 3, 5, 1)Respond in reverse order (1, 5, 3)Number of digits adaptiveNoise level increased by day
51. WM Improvement
52. Speech in Noise Improvement
53. Children with Cochlear ImplantsAuditory, cognitive, and language abilities better than hearing impaired but worse their normal hearing peers
54. Working Memory in CI ChildrenPisoni & Cleary, 2003
55. Phonological Awareness in CI ChildrenSpencer & Tomblin, 2009
56. Child CI Users Trained Control MSD MSDAge67.69.862.719.2Age at Implant21.915.423.010.3CI Duration45.713.239.724.8Pre-Implantation Speech Awareness Threshold74.511.774.417.9Speech Awareness Threshold at Pretest6.55.86.15.5Performance IQ100.012.7105.216.8Ingvalson, Young, & Wong (2014). Int J. Ped. Oto.
57. Testing and Training Schedule
58. Training
59. OWALS: Trained Group Improved
60. Research GoalTo understand the basic mechanisms of auditory processing from molecule to behavior, in order to:Have a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology of disordersEnhance treatmentsOptimize learning for everyone
61. Conclusions#1. Stages of neural processing along the auditory pathway can delineate domain-general and –specific properties of the CNS#2. Capitalize on our knowledge of the cellular characteristics of the brain, we can develop and test hypotheses about the genetic basis of complex auditory functions#3. Through looking at the CNS as a network, we can gain a fuller understanding of spoken language processing problems and treatments.
62. AcknowledgementsAlice Chan, Bharath Chandrasekaran, Erika Skoe, Erin Ingvalson, Francis Wong, Hanjun Liu, Jing Zheng, Mac Ettlinger, Nancy Young, Nina Kraus, Sumit Dhar, Todd Parrish, Tyler Perrachione brain.cuhk.edu.hkp.wong@cuhk.edu.hkNational Institutes of Health (USA) (R01DC008333 & R01DC013315)National Science Foundation (USA) (BCS-1125144)Research Grants Council (Hong Kong) (RGC 477513 & 14117514)Food and Health Bureau (Hong Kong) (HMRF 01120616)Lui Chee Woo FoundationGlobal Parent Child Resource Centre Limited
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65. Un-weighted clusteringVariants (all variants or non-common variants) are aligned across all samples.Boxes in the same color indicate the samples are clustered in the original tree.In the case for all variants, the clustering is actually not very clear, giving G-13-0026, G-14-0010 and G-13-0054 standing alone. This is likely due to the noisy background of variants.Bootstrap consensus for all variantsLog likelihood = -588981.51Bootstrap consensus for non-common variantsLog likelihood = -62798.53
66. Network EfficiencyPaleari et al. (2009). Transportation Research Part EAirport Network
67. Efficiency67where N is number of nodes in networkLij is shortest path between nodes i,j 132L13 = 2-A graph theoretic measure-Speed of information transfer-A connection is defined by strength of inter-regional correlation
68. Group x Listening condition interactionLess efficient for older adults in noisy listening conditionCognitive and auditory brain regions